Estimates vary considerably, from 400 up to more than a billion. Different reformers arose more or less independently of Luther in 1518 (for example Andreas Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon, Erhard Schnepf, Johannes Brenz and Martin Bucer) and in 1519 (for example Huldrych Zwingli, Nikolaus von Amsdorf, Ulrich von Hutten), and so on. bishops), in most Protestant churches. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. Although Luther preached consubstantiation in the Eucharist over transubstantiation, he believed in the real presence of Christ in the Communion bread. [10] In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany[d] into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Iceland. The Puritans persecuted those of other religious faiths,[52] for example, Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island during the Antinomian Controversy. It is a call to return to the authority of Scripture and to the biblical gospel of justification by grace alone through faith alone. Sigismund, who was also the King of Sweden until deposed, was educated by Jesuits in Sweden before his election as King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. An Amish family in a horse-drawn square buggy.
Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. [213] This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. The Reformation spread throughout Europe beginning in 1517, reaching its peak between 1545 and 1620.The greatest geographical extent of Protestantism occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. Reformers and their opponents made heavy use of inexpensive pamphlets as well as vernacular Bibles using the relatively new printing press, so there was swift movement of both ideas and documents. [125] Neo-charismatic tenets and practices are found in many independent, nondenominational or post-denominational congregations, with strength of numbers centered in the African independent churches, among the Han Chinese house-church movement, and in Latin American churches. [18] The edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. Protestants.[91].
[citation needed] However, there are a few popular interpretations. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement. [58], Bishop Richard Davies and dissident Protestant cleric John Penry introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. [30] Especially effective were writings in German, including Luther's translation of the Bible, his Smaller Catechism for parents teaching their children, and his Larger Catechism, for pastors. [132] They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. In particular, the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its entire population. "Evangelical" was the originally preferred label used by Lutherans and Calvinists, but it was replaced by the names some Catholics used to label a heresy with the name of its founder.
In parts of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, a majority sympathized with the Radical Reformation despite intense persecution.
The next sizable territories were the Landgraviate of Hesse (1526; at the Synod of Homberg) and the Electorate of Saxony (1527; Luther's homeland), Electoral Palatinate (1530s), and the Duchy of Württemberg (1534). Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things—in salvation but also in all of life. Protestants who adhere to the Nicene Creed believe in three persons (God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit) as one God. A significant Protestant minority remained, most of it adhering to the Calvinist faith. Perhaps the closest that one can get to pinning down an Anglican view (they are notorious for refusing to so) are the words of St. John of Damascus, "the bread and wine are visible symbols of a spiritual reality.". As a result, the boundaries between the denominations do not separate as cleanly as this chart indicates. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement.
Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main Protestant denominational families, or their parts. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief. Experts often speak of a gradual process of realization between 1514 and 1518. [83] By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles. [57] The ban was revoked in 1681 by the English-appointed governor Edmund Andros, who also revoked a Puritan ban on festivities on Saturday nights. Baptists are roughly one-third of U.S. From there, it became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the Reformation for particular agendas, although the term propaganda derives from the Catholic Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for Propagating the Faith) from the Counter-Reformation.
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