The Normans ruled Ithaca in the 13th century, and after a short Turkish rule it fell into Venetian hands (Ionian Islands under Venetian rule). Those poems are generally thought to have been composed sometime in the 9th or 8th centuries BC, but may have made use of older mythological and poetic traditions; their depiction of the hero Odysseus and his rule over Ithaca and the surrounding islands and mainland preserves some memories of the political geography, customs, and society of the time. The capital of Odysseus’ kingdom, Ithaca was first inhabited in the Neolithic Age. It is the second-smallest of seven main Ionian Islands, after Paxi. Worldwide famous as the home of Odysseus, Ithaca symbolises the return to the haven, the discovery and the fulfillment. [21] The municipality, unchanged at the Kallikratis reform, includes islets other than Ithaca including two near Cape Melissa, Arkoudi and Atokos to the northeast and the numerous islets in the Echinades Island group (the larger ones being Drakonera, Makri, Oxeia, Petalas, and Vromonas) to the east near the mainland of Aetolia-Acarnania. In 1830 the local community requested to join with the rest of the newly restored nation-state of Greece. This is because it is known as the legendary home of the main hero in Greek mythology, Odysseus. After the Trojan War, which lasted ten years, it took him another ten years to return home, facing multiple adventures in the process. In the southern part, in the area of Aetos, the town Alalcomenae was founded. In the following five years, the Turks, Tocco and Venetians laid claim to the islands diplomatically. Under the 1864 Treaty of London, Ithaca, along with the remaining six Ionian islands, was ceded to Greece as a gesture of diplomatic friendship to Greece's new Anglophile king, George I. He then told all of the suitors to swear an oath, which was hence named the Oath of Tyndareus, according to which no matter who Helen would pick for her husband, they would all support the couple. The church of The Saviour and the remains of an old gaol are located on the islet.[20]. In the last few centuries, some scholars have argued that Homer's Ithaca was not modern Ithaca, but a different island. Ithaca Island is the second smallest island after Paxi. Frank H. Stubbings, "Ithaca", in Wace and Stubbings, eds., Litsa Kontorli-Papadopoulou, Thanasis Papadopoulos, Gareth Owens, “A possible Linear sign from Ithaki (AB09 ‘SE’)?”, "Greeks 'discover Odysseus' palace in Ithaca, proving Homer's hero was real, "Greek archaelogists discover Odysseus' palace in Ithaca – GreekReporter.com", "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. From this period, many objects of important historical value have been found during excavations. [5] From 1333 until 1357 the islands were transferred to Robert of Taranto, who in 1357, bestowed them upon Leonardo Tocco, a Neapolitan courtier.
Ithaca is an island in the Ionian Sea in Greece, which was an important setting in one of the most famous myths of ancient Greece, the Odyssey. It has been argued that in Homeric times Paliki was separated from Kefalonia by a sea channel since closed up by earthquake-induced rockfalls. Although their energy in the early years was directed to supporting the Greeks in the revolution against the Turks, it soon started to turn towards the British. During the ancient Hellenic prime (800–180 BC), independent organized life continued in the northern and southern part of the island. The Ithacan fleet flourished when it was allowed to carry cargo up to the ports of the Black Sea. [19], Lazaretto Islet (or Island of The Saviour) guards the harbor. The most important town in the centuries that followed was Alalcomenae, founded in the Hellenistic times, close to the modern village of Aetos. A few years after the French Revolution, the Ionian area came under the rule of the First French Republic (1797–1798), and the island became the honorary capital of the French département of Ithaque, comprising Cephalonia, Lefkada, and part of the mainland (the prefecture was at Argostoli on Kefalonia). The island has been known as Ithaca from an early date, as coins and inscriptions show. During the Middle Ages, the population decreased due to the continuous invasions of pirates, forcing the people to establish settlements and live in the mountains. In 2010, Greek archaeologists discovered the remains of an 8th-century BC palace in the area of Agios Athanasios, leading to reports that this might have been the site of Odysseus's palace. The island forms part of the separate regional units among the Greek Ionian Islands as part of the Ionian Islands region and the region’s only municipality. [15][16] Modern scholars generally accept the identification of modern Ithaca with Homeric Ithaca[17], and explain discrepancies between the Odyssey's description and the actual topography as the product of lack of first-hand knowledge of the island, or as poetic license. The Venetian authorities found the island was already being repopulated by members of the Galatis family, who laid claim to it as their property, having received rights over Ithaca under the Tocco regime.[6]. See Also: Odysseus, Helen, Tyndareus, Penelope, Oath of Tyndareus, Menelaus, Paris, Trojan War, Ithaca: GreekMythology.com - Oct 28, 2020, Greek Mythology iOS Volume Purchase Program VPP for Education App. The main hero of the story, Odysseus, lived in Ithaca and was its rightful ruler. Possession of the islands was finally taken by the Ottoman Empire from 1484 to 1499. Ithaca along with the other islands were transferred to Greece in 1864 as a gesture of goodwill when the British-backed Prince William of Denmark became King George the First of the Hellenes. According to a treaty of 1503, Ithaca, Cephalonia and Zakynthos would be ruled by the Venetians, and Lefkada by the Ottoman Empire. Three features of the description have been seen as especially problematic. 1,920 in 2011), Perachori (343), Stavros (366), Platreithias (201), and Kioni (182). Odysseus was one of the suitors of Helen, the most beautiful woman in the known world. Although the name Ithaca has remained unchanged since ancient times, written documents of different periods also refer to the island by other names, such as: The island has been inhabited since the 2nd millennium BC. The Cephalonia kingdom was a small kingdom that was ruled by Odysseus. It consists of two parts, of about equal size, connected by the narrow isthmus of Aetos (Eagle), just 600 metres (1,969 feet) wide. Despite its proximity to Kefalonia (Cephalonia) (2km northeast) it is much more peaceful , quiet and undiscovered from it, thus being an ideal place for alternative activities and a holiday living up to the standards of the most demanding ones amongst us.
The Ithacans were characterized as great navigators and explorers with daring expeditions reaching further than the Mediterranean Sea. [8] Perhaps the best known proposal is that of Wilhelm Dörpfeld, who believed that the nearby island of Lefkada was Homer's Ithaca, whereas Same was the present-day Ithaca. The epic poems of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, shed some light on Bronze-Age Ithaca. [5] Those who remained hid in the mountains to avoid the pirates who controlled the channel between Cephalonia and Ithaca and the bays of the island. The fleets prevailed, and from 1500 onwards the Venetians controlled the islands. This is because it has been largely associated with Homer’s Ithaca, which is the home of Odysseus in the Greek classical story ‘the Odyssey.’.
The main hero of the story, Odysseus, lived in Ithaca and was its rightful ruler. Second, the words "farthest out to sea, towards the sunset" (πανυπερτάτη εἰν ἁλὶ ... πρὸς ζόφον) are usually interpreted to mean that Ithaca must be the island furthest to the west, but Kefalonia lies to the west of Ithaca. Historians who have researched on the Island have also discovered that the Island had human presence from around the 2nd millennium BC and think that the Island might have been the capital city of the Cephalonia kingdom that existed during the Mycenaean period. Based on different accounts of the Greek mythology, one cannot ignore the significance of the Ithaca Island. Ithaca's main island has an area of 96 square kilometres (37 sq mi) and had a population in 2011 of 3,231. Ithaca, Modern Greek Itháki, the second smallest of the seven main Ionian Islands, western Greece. During this period, the Venetians had strengthened into a major power with an organized fleet. The Venetians who lived in the Ithaca Island continued their dominance in the Ionian Islands with advancement in trade activities and even led to splendid constructions.
After the Roman Empire was subdivided by Emperor Constantine, the Ithaca Island, as part of the Ionian Islands, became part of the Byzantine Empire until it was later occupied by the Normans and the Angevins during the 13th century. Union with Greece was now a declared aim, and by 1850 a growing restlessness resulted in even more skirmishes. Letitia Elizabeth Landon accepts Ithaca as the home of Ulysses in her poem Town and Harbour of Ithaca., 'The glorious island where Ulysses was the king'. Aetos, Afales, Agios Ioannis, Agia Saranta, Anogi, Exogi, Frikes, Kalivia, Kathara, Kioni, Kolieri, Lachos, Lefki, Marmaka, Perachori, Piso Aetos, Platrithia, Rachi, Stavros, Vathy.
The traces of buildings, walls and a road from this time period prove that life existed and continued to do so during the Early Hellenic era (3000–2000 BC). Ithaca lies farther north than Kefalonia, Zacynthos, and the island that Strabo identified as Doulichion, consistent with the interpretation of Ithaca as being "farthest of all towards the north. Ithaca lies east of the northeast coast of Cephalonia, from which it is separated by the Strait of Ithaca. Lastly, it is unclear which modern islands correspond to Homer's Doulichion and Same.
Ithaca Island is the second smallest island after Paxi. The origins of the first people to inhabit the island, which occurred during the last years of the Neolithic period (4000–3000 BC), are not clear.
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