U.S. Department of the Interior (RG 48): African Slave Trade and … [10], Soon after the Crafts' arrival in the North, abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison and William Wells Brown encouraged them to recount their escape in public lectures to abolitionist circles of New England. Some Georgia Slave Owners in 1850. It offers examples of racial passing, cross-dressing, and middle-class "performance" in a society in which each of these boundaries was thought to be distinct and stable. Macon was less then a score old by this year and during that time the community experienced steady growth. Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997). On December 21, they boarded a steamship for Philadelphia, in the free state of Pennsylvania, where they arrived early on the morning of Christmas Day. [4], Eventually they had five children together, who were born and raised during their nearly two decades living in England. They traveled to nearby Macon for a train to Savannah. Collins even appealed to the President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, asking him to intervene so he could regain his 'property'. I am the former Director of Vocations from 1986 to 1998 and former Director of Liturgy and Diocesan Master of Ceremonies from 1985 to 1991 and former Vicar Forane of Augusta and Macon. William Craft set up a business again, but they still struggled financially. Their life, accomplishments, and history are displayed at the Tubman African American Museum in Macon, Georgia. When Scott Dickison … This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events … In 1830 the town’s population was 2,635, but almost half were slaves. Craft saved money from being hired out in town as a carpenter. His father was Irish-American and his mother was a domestic mulatto slave, making Healy himself a slave by law. In 1826, Macon’s wealthiest planters, bankers and businessmen chartered First Baptist Church of Christ. Georgia Archives only has those microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. The Macon church, like many others at the time, decided it was time to separate by race. [19], According to one eyewitness, her “sophisticated grasp of the power of political improvisation” was acute, and an instance of this "grasp" was displayed during a dinner conversation she had with the former Governor of Jamaica Edward J. Eyre (who had recently suppressed the Morant Bay rebellion), whom she was seated next to. The other seven counties were Wilkes, Burke, Chatham, Liberty, Glynn, Camden, and Effingham; see Kenneth Coleman, The American Revolution in Georgia, 1763-1789 (Athens, Ga., 1958), p. ... By the time the Trustees would legalize slavery in Georgia, the economy of Augusta and Richmond … As prominent fugitives, they were threatened by slave catchers in Boston after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, so the Crafts emigrated to England. [11] Audiences were intensely curious about the young woman who had been so bold in the escape. KATE born 1743 HUMPHREY … Real estate was valued at $4,717,551, and personal property (most of it in slaves) at $10,279,574. Please note:This list of records relating to African-American records is not definitive. At least three-quarters European by ancestry, Ellen was very fair-skinned and resembled her white half-siblings, who were her enslaver's legitimate children. Baptists in the South, rapidly rising to challenge Methodists numerically, helped align Southern religion … Having learned to read and write, in 1852, Ellen Craft published the following, which was widely circulated in the abolitionist press in both Great Britain and the U.S. Historians have noted other enslaved women who posed as men to escape, such as Clarissa Davis of Virginia, who dressed as a man and took a New England-bound ship to freedom; Mary Millburn, who also sailed as a male passenger; and Maria Weems from the District of Columbia. Ellen crossed the boundaries of race, class, gender, and physical ability by passingas a white male planter with William posing as her personal servant. [13], Aided by their supporters, the Crafts decided to escape to England. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Kenneth Coleman, ed., A History of Georgia, 2d ed. [14] As William later recounted in their memoir, "It was not until we stepped ashore at Liverpool that we were free from every slavish fear". It is the information that was left out by the original transcribers of the Nathaniel Macon Bible and which I am pleased to include here. William used his earnings as a cabinet-maker to buy clothes for Ellen to appear as a white enslaver. Click here to buy your copy. They escaped to the North in December 1848 by traveling by train and steamboat, arriving in Philadelphia on Christmas Day. MACON, Georgia — More than a century ago in Texas, June 19th, 1865 became known as Juneteenth. Macon (/ ˈ m eɪ k ən /), officially Macon–Bibb County, is a consolidated city-county in the U.S. state of Georgia.Macon lies near the state's geographic center, about 85 miles (137 km) southeast of Atlanta—hence the city's nickname, "The Heart of Georgia".. Please view our Park Rules page for more information. » Pet Notice: › Leashed pets are allowed on historic site trails, however, they are not allowed in buildings. [17], Historians and readers cannot evaluate how much Ellen contributed to the recounting of their story, but audiences appreciated seeing the young woman who had been so daring. On one occasion, a newspaper notes, there was "considerable disappointment" when Ellen Craft was absent. They escaped to the North in December 1848 by traveling by train and steamboat, arriving in Philadelphia on Christmas Day. [4], Their escape, and particularly Ellen's disguise, which played on so many layers of appearance and identity, showed the interlocking nature of race, gender, and class. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. 1850 Slave Schedule - Irwin County, GA 1860 Simpson Co. Slave Schedule 1860 Slave Schedule - Franklin County, NC 1860 Slave Schedule - Irwin County, GA 1860 Slave Schedule - Jacksonville (Duval Co.), FL 1860 U.S. Census - Schedule 1 Slave Inhabitants in Fredericksburg ... Appraisements and Inventory of Slaves in Wills - Macon County, Alabama Black Voters … This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of ... Macon 80001061 William S. Simmons Plantation: Cave Spring Floyd 84000265 Stafford Plantation: St. Marys: Camden: The only antebellum-era structures are "the chimneys," slave cabin ruins. The two … Although the Crafts had several close calls along the way, they were successful in evading detection. Although the Crafts tried to keep the farm running, dropping cotton prices and post-Reconstruction era violence contributed to its failure. All Rights Reserved. Slave Holder Name: Slave Holder County/ Parish: Slave Holder State: Slave Name: Slave County/ Parish: Slave State: Slave Other: Slave Job/ Skill: Adams Hopkins & Co. Augusta GA ... Macon GA Policy #: 1066 Coach maker De Loache & Wilcosson Macon GA Sandford: … It is also suggested that, like many slave owners, he fathered children with some of his female slaves. We thank Ridge Runners for allowing us access to this small … Diverging Loyalties: Baptists in Middle Georgia During the Civil War by Bruce T. Gourley (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2011) is an examination of the varying views of Baptists of Georgia regarding slavery and the Confederacy. McKeon, Christopher (September 16, 2018), 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, "Ellen Craft: The Fugitive Who Fled as a Planter", "The Great Escape From Slavery of Ellen and William Craft", Barbara McCaskill, "William and Ellen Craft", Barbara McCaskill, "Yours Very Truly: Ellen Craft – the fugitive as text and artifact", "Fugitive Slaves in Britain: The Odyssey of William and Ellen Craft", "Ockham unveils tribute to escaped slaves who settled in Surrey village", "English Heritage announces six more blue plaques to women for 2021", "Transatlantic interracial sisterhoods: Sarah Remond, Ellen Craft, and Harriet Jacobs in England", Re-enactor Marcia Estabrook presents Ellen Craft's story in-character, Boston African American National Historic Site, Massachusetts General Colored Association, Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States, Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo", Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book, Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&oldid=1021383748, American expatriates in the United Kingdom, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Their residence in Hammersmith is commemorated by a historic. Du Bois founded at Atlanta University in 1940. ... Dr. Collins hired a Macon jailer and a laborer to recapture them. They worked at the school and its farm until 1890. James Madison, a slave of John T. Snypes, recounted his adventures to Henry Bibb, a black abolitionist. Whites discriminated against freedmen while working to re-establish white supremacy in politics and economics. The Crafts spent 19 years in England, where they had five children together. They lived there for nearly two decades and raised five children. In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which increased penalties for aiding fugitive slaves and required residents and law enforcement of free states to cooperate in capturing and returning formerly enslaved people to their owners. Branden Camp, Associated Press This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The first settlers of Macon brought their slaves with them, and the slave population grew as the white population increased. Macon was less then a score old by this year and during that time the community experienced steady growth. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Ridge Runner Publications has been granted publishing rights to the remainder of the material relating to the history and genealogy of Macon County by his heirs. [4], Their book provides a unique view of race, gender, and class in the 19th century. Slavery in Georgia is known to have been practiced by the original or earliest-known inhabitants of the future colony and state of Georgia, for centuries prior to European colonization. United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Macon County (Source: FamilySearch) Estate Records . During the next two years, the Crafts made numerous public appearances to recount their escape and speak against slavery. [1], In 1868, after the American Civil War and passage of constitutional amendments granting emancipation, citizenship and rights to freedmen, the Crafts returned with three of their children to the United States. Some escaped slaves, such as John Brown of Georgia, dictated their life stories to abolitionists after they achieved freedom. Enslaved people, enslavers, and slavery in general - information . Ellen had to "perform" successfully in all three arenas simultaneously for the couple to travel undetected. For most of their time in England, the Craft family lived in Hammersmith. Ellen cut her hair and bought appropriate clothes to pass as a young man, traveling in a jacket and trousers. As the slave (owners) schedule to this census does not … It offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees as well as certificate programs to students of diverse racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Ellen Craft posed in her escape clothes for a photograph (the basis for the engraving included with this article). 2973 To provide for the conveyance ... in a certain tract of land in Macon County, Georgia, to the Georgia State Board of Education (Source: Internet Archive) Societies . Smith's wife gave the 11-year-old Ellen as a wedding gift to her daughter Eliza Cromwell Smith to get the girl out of the household and remove the evidence of her husband's infidelity.[1]. I am a blogger who is opinionated and allows a diversity … William was born in Macon, where he met his future wife at the age of 16 when his first enslaver sold him to settle gambling debts. 2973 To provide for the conveyance ... in a certain tract of land in Macon County, Georgia, to the Georgia State Board of Education (Source: Internet Archive) Societies . Its population having grown to 8,132 (15,952 in the county), Macon was the fifth largest city in the state. Clark Atlanta University (CAU) is a comprehensive, private, urban, coeducational institution of higher education with a predominantly African-American heritage. They moved to the well-established free black community on the north side of Beacon Hill in Boston,[4] where they were married in a Christian ceremony. Located near the fall line of the Ocmulgee River, Macon had a 2019 estimated population of 153,159. [17] While originally published with only William's name as author, twentieth-century and more recent scholarship has re-evaluated Ellen's likely contribution, noting the inclusion of material about Sally Miller and other female fugitives. This page was last edited on 4 May 2021, at 12:25. One of the most compelling of the many slave narratives published before the American Civil War, their book reached wide audiences in Great Britain and the United States. George Washington Bonaparte Towns (1801-1854) was born in Wilkes County, though his family soon moved to Greene County, and … 2 Kenneth K. Krakow, Georgia Place-Names (Macon, Ga., 1975), p. 191. The production team shot several scenes of season 1 at the Terminal Station, located at 200 Cherry Street. Their daring escape was widely publicized, making them among the most famous of fugitives from slavery. Abolitionists in Boston had formed the biracial Boston Vigilance Committee to resist the new Slave Bill; its members protected the Crafts by moving them around various "safe houses" (such as the Tappan-Philbrick house in the nearby town of Brookline[12]) until they could leave the country. Since only William's narrative voice tells their joint story in the book, critics say it is suggestive of how difficult it was for a black woman to find a public voice, although she was bold in action. The President agreed that the Crafts should be returned to their enslavers in the South, and authorized the use of military force if necessary to take them. 1996, Ellen Craft was inducted into Georgia Women of Achievement. Brusky says that, in the way that she used wrappings to "muffle" her during the escape to avoid conversation, Ellen in the book is presented through the filter of William's perspective. This is only a list of the slave owners listed in the 1844 Tax list transcribed by Mr. Harold G. Blankenship, former Macon County Historian. Request Permissions. Some Georgia Slave Owners in 1850. [8] She wore her right arm in a sling to hide the fact that she could not write. Clark Atlanta was established in 1988 by the consolidation of Atlanta University (1865), the nation's first graduate school for African Americans, and Clark College (1869), the nation's first four-year liberal arts institution to serve a predominantly African-American undergraduate student population. Their account was reprinted in the United States in 1999, with both the Crafts credited as authors, and it is available online at Project Gutenberg and the University of Virginia. [18] Ellen turned their home into a hub of Black activism: she invited fellow Black abolitionists to stay (including Sarah Parker Remond) and supported other abolitionists like John Sella Martin. They are mentioned in connection with the. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991). Troup served as a state representative, member of the House of Representatives, United States senator, and two-term governor of Georgia (1823-1827). William's new master apprenticed him as a carpenter and allowed him to work for fees, taking most of his earnings. [5] She also faked illness to limit conversation, as she was prevented from learning to read and write on pain of death because she was enslaved. ... Georgia and a member of the Diocesan College of Consulters. An officer had demanded proof that William was indeed Ellen's property. [1] Not wanting to have a family in slavery, during the Christmas season of 1848 the couple planned an escape. Michael P. Johnson, Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977). However, it also includes a “supplementary List” of owners of deceased slaves. Individuals outside of the Atlanta University Center may contact may contact the editor-in-chief, Dr. Obie Clayton (oclayton@cau.edu), for subscription access options. Their children were Charles Estlin Phillips (1852–1938), William Ivens (1855–1926), Brougham H. (1857–1920), Ellen A. [6] They were finally let on the train due to sympathy from passengers and the conductor. [1][2] Ellen grew up as a house servant to Eliza, which gave her privileged access to information about the area. Appraisements, inventories, and estate sales, 1872-1913 (Source: FamilySearch) ... H.R. In fact, since my escape from slavery, I have gotten much better in every respect than I could have possibly anticipated. Before he was sold, William witnessed his 14-year-old sister and each of his parents being separated by sales to different owners. The Crafts went there after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed, because they were in danger of being captured in Boston by bounty hunters. Macon, Georgia. This is not a significant population and it was still considered a frontier community. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. The story of William and Ellen Craft plays more like a spy thriller than an antebellum tale of slavery. However, it also includes a “supplementary List” of owners of deceased slaves. After their return to the US in 1868, the Crafts opened an agricultural school for freedmen's children in Georgia. [1] They earned speaking fees by public lectures about slavery in the U.S. and their escape. Similar stories were recorded during the Federal Writer’s Project during the Great Depression when the Roosevelt Administration employed journalists to interview former slaves and record verbatim their … They traveled from Portland, Maine overland to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where they boarded the Cambria, bound for Liverpool. An article of April 27, 1849, in the abolitionist paper The Liberator, however, reported her speaking to an audience of 800–900 people in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Their daring escape was widely public… Ellen crossed the boundaries of race, class, gender, and physical ability by passing as a white male planter with William posing as her personal servant. The full text version of Phylon is only available to users within Atlanta University Center. It is likely their published account reflects her influence. The two bounty hunters finally gave up and returned to the south. The Crafts lectured publicly about their escape and challenged the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Enslaved African Americans made up roughly a third of all of these cities' populations, except Atlanta, where only 1 in 5 residents were enslaved. Having inherited the Caucasian features and fair skin of his father’s side, Healy was often able to pass as white. i. Archival bound volumes at the Bibb County Courthouse in Macon, Ga., that include slave records and other transactions related to the region's history with slavery. The famous escape of slaves William and Ellen Craft in 1848 from Macon was an exception to the nearly impossible task of escaping slavery in a Deep South state like Georgia. Macon was the state's fifth-largest city, with a population of 8,247. The act provided for a reward to officers and simplified the process by which people might be certified as slaves, requiring little documentation from slave catchers. Macon Civil War marker salutes contributions of blacks A slave woman brought Macon worldwide notoriety by disguising herself as a white man in 1848 to escape serving her half-sister. Willis H. Hughes and John Knight traveled north from Macon intending to capture William and Ellen Craft; upon arriving in Boston they were met with resistance by both white and black Bostonians. The two had married in Macon, Georgia, in 1846, but were held in slavery by different masters. William was to act as personal servant. Unlike slave owners in other states, in Macon County, there are historical accounts of slave owners deeding property and helping to build homes for slaves. By 1876, white Democrats regained control of the state governments in the South. She said: So I write these few lines merely to say that the statement is entirely unfounded, for I have never had the slightest inclination whatever of returning to bondage; and God forbid that I should ever be so false to liberty as to prefer slavery in its stead. They were aided in England by a group of prominent abolitionists, including Wilson Armistead, with whom they were residing in Leeds when the census was taken in 1851 and who recorded his guests as “fugitive slaves”,[15] and Harriet Martineau who arranged for their intensive schooling at the village school in Ockham, Surrey.[16]. 2 Kenneth K. 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