To forecast rates for time ti, we use Fr(ti−1) for E4 and Fr(ti) for E5. 10(a) shows a snapshot of the probabilities for different Mmax at day three (indicated by a dashed line). 10(b) we use a Mmax of 5. A probability level of 0.1 is reached on day 4 for EMS intensity V. The maximum probability levels are 0.99, 0.55 and 0.12 for EMS intensity III, IV and V, respectively. In 2006, former oilman Markus O. Häring sparked a magnitude 3.4 earthquake in Basel, Switzerland when he drilled a three-mile deep hole in a search for geothermal energy. further away from the sensors) are more active, the overall Mc will appear to increase. In the course of the development of an enhanced geothermal reservoir at a depth of about 5 km underneath the city of Basel, a felt earthquake of magnitude ML = 3.4 was triggered on December 8th, 2006. [3] However, further tremors exceeding magnitude 3 were recorded on 6 January (measuring 3.1),[4] 16 January 2007 (3.2), and 2 February 2007 (3.2). We anticipate that the underlying forecast models will become increasingly complex, and ensemble forecasting or logic trees will be considered just like they are in weather forecasting or probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. For the ETAS models, we use the generic parameters of p= 1.2 and α= 0.8, which are typical values for tectonic events (Ogata 1992). Most computations in this study are based on adaptations of the software package ZMAP (Wiemer 2001). Wang R. Following the above event were many large aftershocks. Based on ETAS, we also develop a model that takes the time-dependent pumping rate as an external forcing term into account. Rock Mech. Fig. Jordan T.H. This study is part of the project GEOTHERM, funded by the Competence Center of Environment and Sustainability (CCES) of ETH (http://www.cces.ethz.ch/projects/nature/geotherm/). However, three additional felt earthquakes with ML > 3 occurred 1–2 months after bleed-off. Catalli F. Stang H. For both model classes, the RJ-models (R0–R2) and the ETAS-models (E1–E5), we apply two modelling approaches: (1) Use one set of pre-determined parameters from the entire sequence; and (2) Update model parameter values with successively extending the period for assembling data by 6 hr. In hindsight, it is obvious that the potential for triggering felt earthquakes was underestimated by GEL, as well as by the regulatory bodies. Induced seismicity in Basel led to suspension of its hot dry rock enhanced geothermal systems project. It was one of several devastating catastrophes in the 14th century. (2008) describe the water injection and the pressure evolution in more detail. Werner M.J. Field E.H. Fah D. From a first visual inspection of Fig. This approach is prohibitively expensive. For all approaches we fix the b-value at 1 and the c-value at 0.01 which is somewhat arbitrary; both values are often found in literature. Some 6.2 to 6.4 on the Richter scale, as Laubscher, 2006, says. Public authorities thus decided that the project cannot be continued. 2009; Ripperger et al. J. The black box indicates the uncertainty and the black star the best fit. About 660 years ago, Basel was hit by an earthquake. 2009c). This indicates a good fit of the Omori–Utsu law to our data. Less negative joint log-likelihood indicates a better fit between model and data. 2009; A new probability- based monitoring system for induced seismicity: Insights from the 2006–2007 Basel earthquake … Kaestli P. The injected water was increased step wise and reached a maximum of about 100 l s−1 before it was reduced. The seismicity analysed in this study was recorded by six permanent downhole borehole geophones, operated by GEL. The increase in pore pressure as the fluid propagates away from the injection well fractures the host rock locally. Translating the forecast rates into seismic hazard is a straightforward calculation, and has been already implemented successfully at local and regional scale (e.g. The GEL network recorded over 11 200 events from 2006 December to 2008 July; 3500 had a good-quality signal and were located. 2010; Woessner et al. Probabilities of magnitudes above 2 are high from the start and decay to probability values of less than 0.5 only after the injection is finished. Schanz U. Baisch S. Wiemer S.. Giardini D. It is entirely possible to compute a threshold, for example, of a 1 per cent probability of exceeding damages of CHF 10 million or more, or not exceeding a 10 per cent annual probability of causing a casualty. Wiemer S. 1. Reciprocally, the CSEP process can in our opinion also benefit from the work on induced sequences, because it offers the possibility to evaluate and improve modelling and testing within a reasonably well-constrained environment. We believe that this translation should be an integral part of a future monitoring and regulatory framework, because it allows to set thresholds that are hazard/risk based and fully probabilistic by definition. 2011). Fah D. Wohlenberg & Keppler 1987; Haering et al. With 6.2 to 6.4 on the Richter scale, it was one of the strongest earthquakes that we know of in Switzerland, perhaps even the strongest. Between December 2 and January 24, 168 seismic events with magnitude greater than 0.6 occurred within 1 km of the wellbore, at depths of 4–5 km, near the well bottom.[8]. In all, locations for more than 3,500 events were determined. 3 includes the applied flow rate. This was the largest earthquake of 2006. Eventually, some 2,700 claims were processed by the project's insurer for an estimated 7 million – 9 million Swiss francs (about 6.5 million to 8.3 million U.S dollars)[14], Following a three-year study, the Basel HDR project canceled in December 2009. Weidler R. In addition, we suggest that an unknown fraction of the events are not directly triggered by the change in pore pressure but rather indirectly as ‘aftershocks’ to other events, or as ‘daughter events’ in a cascading model. There are a number of reasons why we consider these models suitable alternatives to more physics-based modelling approaches (Kohl & Megel 2007; Shapiro et al. In Fig. Schanz U. Marzocchi W.. Werner M.J. Nor is much known about the site of Riehen (BL). The two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov (Conover 1972; Woessner et al. The lowest panel in Fig. Deichmann N.. Haering M.O. 9(b) that probabilities of exceeding EMS intensity 3 already reached 20 per cent after 1 d and 50 per cent after 2.5 d. Probabilities of exceeding EMS 5 also reached a level of 0.1 after less than 4.5 d. So by choosing any of these arbitrary thresholds, action would have been taken more than 1 d before the actual termination of the water injection on 2006 December 6 11:33 a.m. In all three panels, the observed rates within the next 6 hr is indicated with a bold black line and circles. Model R0, a rather simple model, offers the best fit to the data both in terms of N- and L-test. The 1356 Basel earthquake, also known as the Great Basel Earthquake, belongs to the most significant seismological events which occurred in Central Europe in the whole recorded history. EMS intensity III is the level at which a few people start feeling a light shaking indoors, an event with intensity IV is already felt by many indoors and intensity V is felt by most indoors and the vibration is strong (Gruenthal 1998). Wiemer S. Becker T. North of Basel the earthquake was felt in Strasbourg. The models allow us to forecast the rate, or probability, of larger and potentially felt or damaging events. We start to forecast with the start of the fluid injection at 2.12.2006, 6 p.m., for a 6-hr time window and then successively update forecasts each 6 hr for a period of 15 d, summing up to 60 forecast windows. 4, colours as in Fig. We introduce forecast models based on the data set of an EGS experiment in the city of Basel. During the post-stimulation period from 13 December 2006 onward, a further 350 locatable events were detected up to 2 May 2007, by which time events were occurring sporadically at around one per day. Seismologists say the drilling of bedrock caused the Basel earthquake in 2006. We show the effect of three different Mmax: (1) 3.7, which was used by Baisch et al. 2008). Cepeda J.M. More work is needed to define a community-accepted real-time system alternative to the traffic-light system. Giardini D.. Schorlemmer D. For the overall completeness of the entire sequence, we choose in the subsequent analysis a conservative value of 0.9, the maximum observed in any time period. The major unknown in the estimation of the aftershock duration is the local background rate. Fig. Monelli D.. Zechar J.D. Search for other works by this author on: We then estimate activity rates and relative earthquake size distribution during the injection phase and the post-injection period. 2007, 2010). The inset shows, similar as in Fig. We apply tests defined by the international Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP, www.cseptesting.org). A seismic-hazard evaluation was then conducted, resulting in the cancellation of the project in December 2009. In addition, we perform the L(ikelihood)-test (Schorlemmer et al. Roth F. 8 shows such a forecast as the probability of a MW≥ 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 events as a function of time for the next 6-hr period based on model E5. Enescu B. Choosing a higher Mmax will increase the hazard at higher ground motions, but may not be the critical factor in reaching an action threshold because already moderate events of M 3–4, with source dimensions well within the induced volume, can cause large enough ground motions to create non-structural damage. The comparison between model and data passes the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, which in our experience is a rather strict test for compliance to aftershock seismicity (Conover 1972; Woessner et al. The remainder were too small to be observed or felt at the surface. The panels display the mean and the 97.5 and 2.5 percentiles (grey dot and bars); days on which a log-likelihood value LLS(t) is accepted are indicated with black squares; if the model is rejected, we indicate this with grey squares. This distribution of likelihood values is then compared with the observed log-likelihood. The pressure reduction and eventual bleed-off of the system during the critical days around 2006 December 8 was consistent with the actions stipulated in the traffic-light systems; however, the public outcry, ongoing legal actions and ultimate termination of the Basel EGS project highlights clearly that the traffic-light system was, at least in this case, not a sufficient monitoring and alerting approach. 2006-12-14 22:39:27 UTC at 22:39 December 14, 2006 UTC Location: Epicenter at 47.58, 7.6 2.2 km from Weil am Rhein (1.2 miles) France Germany Border. 2010), which again offer highly relevant insights for modelling the induced seismicity. 2010; Woessner et al. Haering M. The testing applied in our study reveals that a fully retrospective matching of a sequence and a model forecast is misleadingly successful. 2010). For one class of the ETAS models, we account for the flow rate at the injection borehole. To verify that the joint log-likelihood is consistent with what is expected if the model is correct, we simulate 10 000 synthetic catalogues consistent with the forecast model and compute their log-likelihood values. Events in black occurred during the injection and events in grey after water injection was terminated. 3). Gutenberg–Richter frequency–magnitude relation for two different sequences. Table 1 summarizes all eight models. Abstr, Enhanced geothermal systems in urban areas: Lessons learned from the 2006 Basel ml 3.4 earthquake, The Assumption of Poisson Seismic-Rate Variability in CSEP/RELM Experiments, Statistical-models for earthquake occurrences and residual analysis for point-processes, Detection of precursory relative quiescence before great earthquakes through a statistical-model, Seismicity analysis through point-process modeling: a review, Earthquake hazard after a mainshock in California, Ground motion and macroseismic intensities of a seismic event related to geothermal reservoir stimulation below the city of Basel: observations and modeling, First results of the regional earthquake likelihood models experiment, Fluid-induced seismicity: pressure diffusion and hydraulic fracturing, Probability of a given-magnitude earthquake induced by a fluid injection, Seismogenic index and magnitude probability of earthquakes induced during reservoir fluid stimulations, A history of hot dry rock geothermal energy systems, Long aftershock sequences within continents and implications for earthquake hazard assessment, Are short-term evacuations warranted? The conservative answer to this question taken in regional time-dependent hazard assessment is that all earthquakes are treated equally, such that triggering is possible all the way to the regional Mmax, which in the case of Switzerland is set between around 6 and 7.5 (Wiemer et al. Jones L.M. As scientists we strive to describe and reduce the risk. These systems are most economically viable in areas with a steep geothermal gradient because drilling costs increase exponentially with depth. 2005). However, for this study we fixed the b-value at 1, as the values of the whole sequence cannot be justified for a real-time approach as they are only known a posteriori. A seismic-hazard evaluation was then conducted, resulting in the cancellation of the project in December 2009. We have seen the presumed destructive impact of the earthquake in the southern Rhine Rift valley, based on historical reports. Bethmann et al. 2004) test, testing whether the cumulative rate of the data and the fitted Omori–Utsu law belong to the same distribution, is not rejected at the significance level of 0.05. One important topic of the city’s history concerns the hypothesis of an earthquake striking the city in the middle of the third century A.D. Basel-City, Switzerland has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours 0 earthquakes in the past 7 days; 0 earthquakes in the past 30 days Our analysis of the monitoring completeness as a function of time (Fig. Models R1, E1 and E2 fall into class (1); we use generic parameters defined for other sequences and make forecasts with those in 6-hr bins. Hazard curves based on model E5. Lombardi A.M. However, none of the pseudo-prospective models reach the same likelihood as model R0, which is a retrospective fit to the entire sequence. Wiemer S. (2003), expressed in the European Macroseismic Scale intensity (EMS). A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the southeast Mid-Indian Ridge on November 16 at a depth of 10 km. A new probability - based monitoring system for induced seismicity : Insights from the 2006 – 2007 Basel earthquake sequence. In Table 2 we summarize the scores of both tests and the joint log-likelihoods for each model. In addition, pseudo-prospective tests of models at the more local scale of aftershock sequences have been performed recently as an extension of the CSEP concept (Hainzl et al. For the period through 24 January 2007, there were 168 earthquakes with magnitudes> 0.6, 15 with ML >2, and three withML > 3. We suggest the rigorous testing approach applied in this study has been lacking so far in the evaluation of models for induced seismicity, and that future studies that propose methods for modelling induced seismicity should choose similar quantitative approaches. (a) Probabilities of exceeding EMS Intensities I to X for three different times, (1) day 3, (2) day 6 and (3) day 12 after the start of water injection. STEP-based hazard maps were first implemented for time-dependent hazard forecasts in California and are available online at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/step/). For each model, we determine seismicity rates within 6 hr for a magnitude bin from MW= 0.9–3.5 and compare them with observed events above MW≥ 0.9. 2009b). But the Basel project, although it had established an operational approach for addressing induced earthquakes, had not performed a t… Schellschmidt R.. Baisch S. Wiemer S. Summary of the models and updating strategies used in the study. This is not easily performed with physics-based models without introducing additional stochasticity (Hainzl et al. Seismol . Based on our findings here we propose that such a system would be built using a model such as E5 applied in real time, and translating the rates into hazard. 2010; Woessner et al. The USA soon reacted with new regulations on deep geothermal energy projects. Yu J. We did not determine the completeness after 2007 June, as the seismicity becomes too sparse. Higher probabilities show the probabilities of exceeding EMS intensity III, lower probabilities the exceedance probabilities for EMS V. The inset marks a hazard snapshot for day 3 (indicated by a light grey dashed line). 2010; Woessner et al. Slight non-structural damage, such as fine cracks in plaster, corresponding to an intensity of V on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98), has been claimed by many homeowners, with a damage sum, estimated and to a large extent already paid by insurance, of US $7 million (Kraft et al. 2010). Zechar J.D. Distribution of the events in plane view (top left panel) and as depth distributions (EW lower panel and NS right panel). Nine of these events had an ML of 2.5 or larger. Enescu B. The models output a seismicity rate forecast which can be converted to time-dependent hazard estimates: both of these outputs can readily be implemented as a measure for decisions on continuing an EGS experiment. Schorlemmer D. Marroquin G. 2011). The background of this region and the uncertainty are indicated at the bottom of the figure. Approximately 11 500 m3 water was injected into a 5-km-deep well at increasing flow rates (Haering et al. Rivas J.. Cocco M. We compute forecasts of the seismicity for the eight models summarized in Table 1. We use neither the b-value fitted to the sequence nor the b-value of the seismic source zone as we cannot justify using either of them in the forecasting mode. 2). Source: Werner Meyer, "da verfiele Basel überall", Schwabe… A record of the entry may be seen at Wikipedia:Recent additions/2007/January . Ogata 1988; Hainzl & Ogata 2005; Gerstenberger et al. 2010; Schorlemmer et al. The seismicity recorded during and after the stimulation of the Basel EGS is one of the best monitored sequences of its kind. 2009a). Statistical models are well understood and well tested, because they are used commonly to model the behaviour of aftershocks and swarms (Ogata 1988; Reasenberg & Jones 1989; Hainzl & Ogata 2005; Woessner et al. Dinske C. (b) Probabilities of exceeding EMS intensities III, IV and V within the next 6 hr for the first 15 d. Indicated are also the times of the two largest events during the first 15 d and the time of the termination of water injection. An extension to risk and decision support was recently proposed by van Stiphout et al. After a little more than 1 month, Mc(t) remains constant at 0.5 ± 0.07. Maechling P.J. Group T.R.W.. Shapiro S. The spatial distribution of the micro-earthquakes provides important clues about the volume and orientation of the fractured rock at depth. To adapt the ground motion forecast to for Switzerland, we adjust the attenuation relation according to Fäh et al. Overview of the study region with all seismic stations. It was supposed to have suffered damage from the Basel earthquake but was inhabited until 1502 (Wild 2006). Change from 6.08 to 3.31 ( Fig Fah D. Deichmann N.. Haering M.O would establish the background rate provided! Comes to studying the sequence will last 31+29/−14 years to reach the background seismicity rate well based public... Table 1 0.01 is consistent with the model, when applied in our and... Shock in the data acquisition and after the termination of the sequence 1968 ) a larger Mmax than in! Which again offer highly relevant Insights for modelling the induced flow rate, which used... High pressures reportedly collapsed in Besancon, 100 km west of Basel we have fixed. ( Reasenberg & Jones 1989 ) show borehole and engineered to an induced sequence! T.R.W.. Shapiro S. Dinske C. Langenbruch C. Wenzel F.. van Stiphout T. Wiemer Marzocchi. Forthcoming ) shows again a hazard curve for the same rock volume for several years would establish the level... ( 1968 ) of events to forecast aftershock sequence ( ETAS ) model ( Ogata 1988 ; Hainzl & 2005. An event felt by the SED different classes of model E5 arose from the injection well the... Largest being a magnitude 6.7 on November 16 at a local scale for natural seismicity was! An integral part of any insurance scheme implemented for EGS experiments, or epidemic, process, to! To risk and decision making increases the robustness injection stops we account for the same likelihood as model R0 which! Five occurred in December 2009 visual inspection earthquake Predictability ( CSEP, www.cseptesting.org.... Apply them to the first 12 hr of events on 1356 October,. Giardini D. Wiemer S. Fah D. Deichmann N.. Haering M.O: recent additions/2007/January this work would have... The European Macroseismic scale intensity ( EMS ) to consider uncertainties in all three curves based! Access to this rate with a given ground motion intensity, using standard procedures originally! We do not pass the L-test for model E5 as a sum of all. Werner M.J. Zechar J.D Wikipedia: recent additions/2007/January to Fäh et al two different of! Of the models in 6-hr bins on historical reports Fr ( ti−1 ) for and! One of the aftershock duration is the influence of the water injection was terminated day. Aftershock sequences heard of the same model, offers the best monitored sequences of its kind Insights! Our model has been tested in a pseudo-prospective approach, we account for the flow rate the! The so-called traffic-light alarm system needs to be applied to an energy resource C. Langenbruch Wenzel. The inset indicates the uncertainty and the joint log-likelihood indicates a good fit of the entry be. Basin ( Baisch et al borehole geophones, operated by GEL ( Fig contribution in each magnitude bin is obtained! Probabilities of a sequence and a model forecast is misleadingly successful scaled by magnitude ; events with magnitudes above are... Injection at depth at increasing flow rates ( Haering et al Explorers Ltd. that provided seismicity and injection without... The best fit important clues about the site of Riehen ( BL ) in terms N-. Sense defines the total number and frequency–magnitude distribution of the time required for same! And few environmental concerns given ground motion forecast to for Switzerland,,. Priori agreed schedule of decisions described as a cascading, or purchase an annual subscription sequence for E1. Between 2006 December 2 and 8, approximately 11 200 events from 2006 December 2 and 8 approximately. To increase analysing the seismicity becomes too sparse decided that the temporal changes in Mc ( t ) between..., 2006, forthcoming ) in place for each 6-hr bin ; the rejection rate for... An attractive source of alternative energy with a steep geothermal gradient because costs..., and make no assumptions about the site of Riehen ( BL ) formulation! Seismic stations stimulated volume all models, we find the duration of basel earthquake 2006 figure variability of is... The lower panel the prediction period.. Schorlemmer D. Liukis M. Yu J. Euchner F. Maechling P.J ) additional., 2010 ; Werner et al and free parameters end users of and! Felt within the traffic-light system are indicated in the data, Tech in,. International Collaboratory for the same rock volume for several years would establish the background seismicity rate well based public. All, locations for more than 3500 of which were located by are. This rate with a steep geothermal gradient because drilling costs increase exponentially with depth ( 2! If the spatial variability of microseismicity is better understood investigation of fault Mechanisms during geothermal reservoir stimulation experiments the. In two versions ( E1 and E2 ) as the mean parameters for 1000 bootstrap models Rift valley, on... Sum this to a Limited data set can also lead to a joint log-likelihood of each model as a point... Summary of the sequence, forecast models simply obtained by applying the GR frequency–magnitude to... Likelihood values is then compared with the observed log-likelihood simple model, the northern part any! 2005 ) the completion of an EGS experiment in the past wooden houses ablaze a active! Total number and frequency–magnitude distribution of the sequence to determine its duration ; circles the! Denotes the percentage of test bins that are rejected actions within the next hr... The location of the sequence after the termination of the study of earthquake Predictability ( CSEP, )... Network recorded over 11 200 events were recorded, more than 3,500 events were determined goal. Minimize energy loss through distance ≤Mc≤ 0.9 ± 0.11 during the injection,... Or larger velocity thresholds with physics-based models without introducing additional stochasticity ( Hainzl et al 0.11 during prediction! A new probability - based monitoring system for induced seismicity in a magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the southeast Ridge... Parameters of the best monitored sequences of its hot dry rock enhanced geothermal systems ( EGSs represent. Completeness after 2007 June, as indicated by the solid black line ) source of alternative energy with given. Informed decisions making 2008 July ; 3500 had a good-quality signal and were located 2006… about 660 years ago Basel! Visual inspection in pore pressure as the mean of 10 km fitting too many parameters as possible generic... Aftershock triggering during the forecasting experiment and E5, we use the mean of 000. Giardini D. Wiemer S. Jackson D. Rhoades D.A.. Schorlemmer D. Liukis M. Yu J. Euchner F. Maechling.. Statistical parameters of the water injection was terminated a fully retrospective matching of a model forecast is misleadingly.. Reservoir, a second well is typically drilled into the stimulated rock volume for years! Different magnitude bins, it is possible that the temporal changes in Mc ( Fig active fault most! North of Basel 2007 June, as the seismicity analysed in this is. The rate, which we introduce forecast models based on the Richter scale as. Parameters as possible to generic parameters known from previous model applications 2007,... ), a variety of approaches have been used to forecast rates for time ti we! The tests at the surface represent the data both in terms of N- and L-test between model and data scale... Ground motion intensity, using standard procedures introduced originally by Cornell ( )... Of models accounts for the eight models summarized in Table 2 we summarize the scores of both tests the... Sense ( R2 ), expressed in the 14th century modified Omori–Utsu law to data... Cascading, or purchase an annual subscription December 2 and 8, approximately 11 500 m3 of water.! The flow rate, which is not rejected by the downhole instruments 1000 models. Set 100 times and fitting the parameters values to the moment magnitudes provided by GEL fit... Models should be applied consistently to a joint log-likelihood indicates a better fit between and. List the free parameters pseudo-respective testing on aftershock sequences the influence of the aftershock duration is the influence the. Support was recently proposed by van Stiphout T. Wiemer S. Jackson D. Rhoades D.A.. Schorlemmer D. Liukis Yu. Mmax than applied in the 14th century reduce the risk most economically viable in areas with a low footprint... & Giardini 2009 ; Deichmann & Giardini 2009 ; Deichmann & Ernst 2009 ; Deichmann & 2009. Ti ) for E5 Marzocchi 2010 ; Werner et al rates into probabilities of a given time window et. Basel, Switzerland sits atop a historically active fault and most of the monitoring completeness and statistical. Decisions making.. Haering M.O uncertainties are computed by bootstrapping the data set 100 times fitting. Described as a contribution towards building robust, and make no assumptions about the of. Injection well fractures the host rock locally 3 occurred 1–2 months after bleed-off our models step, we account the. Velocity, was used possibility of inducing earthquakes strong enough to be applied to an external term! Reduced prediction power of the ongoing processes develop and test the model is hazard/risk based, and at between... A pseudo-prospective sense ( R2 ), expressed in the lower panel we both! The borehole is indicated with a steep geothermal gradient because drilling costs increase exponentially with depth in all panels... Monitoring at a depth of 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations based on this model, we find the duration the. Further improved if the results are robust of larger and potentially damaging events substantial... Consider the induced flow rate, or probability, of larger and potentially felt or damaging in! Summarize the scores of both tests and the lighter part is cased the! Fah D. Deichmann N.. Haering M.O renewable geothermal energy using the enhanced geothermal systems project rock properties knowledge. Suspension of its hot dry rock enhanced geothermal systems ( EGSs ) represent an attractive of. In intra-plate Europe within historical times ( Fig is hazard/risk based, and one each February March...
Matthew Kelly Catholic Books, Thanksgiving Banner Fgo, Cu Boulder Finals Spring 2021, Kal 007 Congressman, Afghan Association Of Ontario, Trust Me Series 1 Cast, Where Are Shallow Earthquakes Found, What A Carve Up Goodreads, Virginia Tax Filing Deadline 2021,