Some of the generation capacity will be used periodically for “firming” or backing up intermittent resources such as wind or solar. The revenue will be expressed in the currency of the country in question in terms of an agreed-on base year to account for inflation. Future financing needs for restimulation and redrilling of wells if necessary will be financed based on operating revenues where debt service can be carried based on current performance within the existing and forecast distribution network. In the United States, the federally funded Clean Coal Power Initiative program resulted in the development of a low-temperature, fluidized-bed drying process that has been employed at the Coal Creek generating station in North Dakota [86]. Lignite drying technologies up to the mid-1990s have been reviewed previously [57]. The design of geothermal power station equipment (e.g. This signal when converted to a voltage level by a frequency-to-voltage convertor is used to drive a level detector which in turn performs the load switching function. The unique element of this formula is the calculation of the utility's allowed return on equity (ROE)—that of the revenue received kept as profit. Even though lignite has a lower carbon content, the effect of calorific value dominates, leading to higher CO2 emissions for production of the same amount of energy. The projects may be built in anticipation of growing demand (load) or in response to a call from a utility or system operator. However, geothermal power accounts for only about 1% of the energy needs of the country. This method of control has the merits of being cheap, simple and effective for this particular type of electrical load. The chemistry of the fluids influences the choice of operating parameters and material selection for the plant construction, and the gas content and its constituents affect the choice and design of the gas extraction system. A further 60 MWe of power generation has been planned. Hot and high-pressure steam is generated from heat by burning heavy crude oil, LNG (liquefied natural gas), coal, etc. In the absence of field control for the generator two alternative control strategies are currently being investigated. Carbon dioxide emissions, expressed on a unit of thermal energy produced, can be slightly greater for lignites than for bituminous coals. It includes the following items: Equipment of electric power generation and transmission systems: overhead-line towers, medium and high voltage insulators, low voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) cables of power supply systems, cables for containment electrical penetration, cables of containment penetration for electrical and I&C. They tend to be consumed in plants located very close to the mines, with short hauls by truck, rail, or conveyors. This results in localized boiling, inflow of cold groundwater into the reservoir from the surroundings, condensation and phase segregation.
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