In the 1828-29 Russo-Turkish War, Russia invaded northeastern Anatolia and occupied strategic Ottoman holdings, posing as protector and savior of the Greek Orthodox population and thus receiving extensive support from the region’s Greek population. This move proved to be both costly and largely futile. Foreign policy and the Russo-Japanese War, Revolution of 1905 and the First and Second Dumas, Aleksandr Khristoforovich, Count Benckendorff. Some of them believed that the Russian peasant commune, or Mir, offered an attractive alternative to Western capitalism and could make Russia a potential social and moral savior of humanity. Nicholas actually wanted to preserve the Ottoman Empire as a stable but weak state that would be unable to stand up to Russia, as he viewed the country first and foremost as a European power and regarded Europe as more important than the Middle East. His two elder brothers, Alexander and Constantine, received upbringings worthy of future rulers. He exercised restrictions over education, publishing, and all forms of expression of public life. Thousands of brave soldiers died for naught. Through the works of Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev and numerous others, Russian literature gained international stature and recognition. However, he did make some efforts to improve the lot of the Crown Serfs (serfs owned by the government) with the help of his minister Pavel Kiselev. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/nicholas-i-of-russia-8450.php, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Celebrities Who Look Beautiful Even Without Makeup, Top NBA Players With No Championship Rings, Celebrities Who Are Not In The Limelight Anymore. Despite the repressions of this period, Russia experienced a flowering of literature and the arts. This led to a number of officers to rebel. The conscription system was highly unpopular with people, as was the practice of forcing peasants to house the soldiers for six months of the year. The rest were exiled to Siberia. As their website says, Pre-imperial Russian Leadership (860–1721) His reign, which lasted for thirty years from 1825 to 1855 was marked numerous crises and a nation changing revolt. Minister of Education Sergey Semyonovich, Count Uvarov, was himself found too liberal, and he resigned. Lyon stayed with him for the first 7 years of his life. On the death of Nicholas I, Alexander II became Tsar. The Russians lost battles at Alma in September 1854 followed by lost battles at Balaklava and Inkerman. He is best-known as a political conservative whose reign was marked by geographical expansion, repression of dissent, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars that culminated in Russia’s disastrous defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56. The «uprising» was quickly put down and became known as the Decembrist Revolt. On the death of Nicholas I, Alexander II became Tsar. In 1826—1828, Alexander I fought the Russo-Persian War (1826—1828), which ended with Persia forcefully ceding its last remaining territories in the Caucasus, comprising modern-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Iğdır. The group included a young Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and the psychological torment that he suffered while in prison would inform much of his later writing. Historian Barbara Jelavich points to many failures, including the "catastrophic state of Russian finances," the badly equipped army, the inadequate transportation system, and a bureaucracy "which was characterized by graft, corruption, and inefficiency. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar, who dressed like a soldier and surrounded himself with officers, gloried in the victory over Napoleon in 1812 and took enormous pride in its smartness on parade. In sharp contrast with Nicholas’s educational policy, a new generation grew up which was bred by Russian universities, especially Moscow State University, between 1830 and 1848. They had seven legitimate children. Photo: George Shuklin, Public Domain. Nicholas practiced autocracy, which he considered a paternal right. This fact alone would have put him on this list but what he did next cemented his legacy as one of the worst rulers. Nicholas I was following the traditional Russian policy of resolving the so-called Eastern Question by seeking to partition the Ottoman Empire and establish a protectorate over the Orthodox population of the Balkans, still largely under Ottoman control in the 1820s. His obsession with the military rule and orthodoxy had earned him the nickname ''Nicholas Palkin'' (derived from “Palka,” meaning “stick”). In 1825 Nicholas I was crowned and began to limit the liberties of constitutional monarchy in Congress Poland. Actually what happened was that the road was laid out by engineers and he endorsed their advice to build in a straight line. He also dismissed the autonomy of Poland in 1830 and abolished the Jewish Qahal in 1843. The Navy was weak and technologically backward; the Army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology as developed by Britain and France. Though Nicholas made efforts to develop technical education and engineering, he highly controlled the universities and the admission procedure in his country. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1796-1855), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_dentro.JPG, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/. See also Cantonists. Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich (ca. Some historians regard Nicholas as an intensely ''militaristic'' man, who considered the army as the best and greatest institution in Russia and an ideal model for society. He believed that while serfdom was evil, freeing them would be even worse. One group, the Westernizers, believed that Russia remained backward and primitive and could progress only through more Europeanization, which included both adopting European customs in Russia and greater integration of Russia into European politics and culture. Nicholas married Charlotte of Prussia (1798 - 1860) who thereafter went by the name Alexandra Feodorovna. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. He wanted to neutralize the threat of foreign ideas and what he ridiculed as «pseudo-knowledge.» However, his minister of education, Sergei Uvarov, quietly promoted academic freedom and autonomy, raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened higher education to the middle classes. Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov (Episodes 56 and 57) was born on July 6, 1796 to Empress Maria Feodorovna and Tsar Paul I in Gatchina. Charlotte was daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1825, when Alexander I died suddenly of typhus, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to his second-eldest brother, Constantine Pavlovich, and accepting the throne for himself. He was a younger brother to Alexander I of Russia and Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. It has often been noticed that such policies were linked with the Metternich counter-revolutionary system; indeed, Austrian special ambassador Count Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont was well known for his extensive influence over the tsar of whom he was a close friend. The European allies landed in Crimea and laid siege to the well-fortified Russian base at Sevastopol. Template:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov. Historians emphasize that his micromanagement of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. From here, Nicholas’s rule was marked by his mistrust of the gentry and his belief that only through autocracy and the Romanov’s in particular, could Russia be ruled effectively. During this confusion, a plot was hatched by some members of the military to overthrow Nicholas and to seize power. His biographer Nicholas Riasanovsky says that Nicholas displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work.
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