This hypothesis suggests the adaptive advantage for women who had hidden estrus would be a reduction in the possibility of infanticide by men, as they would be unable to reliably identify, and kill, their rivals' offspring. However, the science here is weak, due to a relatively small number of studies.
In contrast, the females of humans and a few other species that undergo hidden estrus have few external signs of fecundity, making it difficult for a mate to consciously deduce, …
Again, the idea of a man's investment being vital to the child's survival is a central fixture of a hypothesis regarding concealed ovulation, even as the evolutionary benefits accrue to the child, the woman, and her clandestine partner, and not to her regular sexual partner. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. At the height of fertility, which coincides with estrus, female behavior changes a stronger interest in sexual activity is exhibited. Pawlowski continues by saying the change to bipedalism in early hominins changed both the position of female genitals and the line of vision of males. The pair bond would be very advantageous to the reproductive fitness of both partners throughout the period of pregnancy, lactation, and rearing of offspring. [10] These findings of differences in woman-initiated versus man-initiated sex are likely caused by the woman's subconscious awareness of her ovulation cycle (because of hormonal changes causing her to feel increased sexual desire), contrasting with the man's inability to detect ovulation because of its being "hidden". [14] Concealed ovulation allowed the woman to mate secretly at times with a genetically superior man, and thus gain the benefit of his genes for her offspring, while still retaining the benefits of the pair bond with her usual sexual partner.
As stated earlier, it is possible for many elements of different hypotheses to be true regarding the selective pressures for concealed ovulation in humans. “Terror” vs. “Horror”: Which One Is Worse? The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Also do not confuse with \"estrus\", which is a phase of the cycle.There are also a variety of different forms: 1. [2][3] It has also been suggested that a woman's voice may become more attractive to men during this time. Since males could no longer constantly see the female genitals, swelling of them during estrus as a mode of signaling would have become useless. So human beings don't go into "heat" like other mammals. One or more periods of estrus may occur during the breeding season of a species. In humans, an adult woman's fertility peaks for a few days during each roughly monthly cycle. Scientists and laypersons are interested in this question because it has implications for human social behavior, and could theoretically offer biological explanations for some human sexual behavior. adj., adj es´trual, es´trous. See also.
Evidence from conception beliefs in a hunter-gatherer society", "Ovulatory shifts in human female ornamentation: Near ovulation, women dress to impress", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concealed_ovulation&oldid=983648826, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015, Articles with dead external links from October 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 October 2020, at 12:46. Some examples of perceptible changes are swelling and redness of the genitalia in baboons and bonobos, and pheromone release in the feline family. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Other researchers are skeptical that the low levels of hormones found in semen could have any effect on ovulation. This doesn't really happen in human beings. Several small studies have found that fertile women appear more attractive to men than women during infertile portions of her menstrual cycle, or women using hormonal contraception. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Dictionary.com Unabridged While the man supplements the woman's limited gathered food, the woman is enabled to devote the necessary time and energy to the care of their offspring. [4] Two small studies of monogamous human couples found that women initiated sex significantly more frequently when fertile, but male-initiated sex occurred at a constant rate, without regard to the woman's phase of menstrual cycle. estrus. Knowledge of the fertility cycle, learned through experience or from educational sources, can allow a woman to estimate her own level of fertility at a given time (fertility awareness). Evolutionary theorists have tried at several explanations for the loss of this estrus cycle in humans, one of the most common being that humans lost the \"heat\" phase to conceal ovulation. Prior to ovulation the endometrium (uterine lining) thickens, in preparation for holding the fertilized ova. This would have caused humans to live in denser groups, and, in such a scenario, the long-distance sexual signaling provided by female genital swellings would have lost its function. However, the fact that the Hanuman langurs also display some concealed ovulation and that it is not directly caused by a physiological change to bipedalism may suggest bipedalism was not, at least, the sole cause of concealed ovulation in humans. Humans are considered to have concealed ovulation because there is no outward physiological sign, either to a woman herself or to others, that ovulation, or biological fertility, is occurring. One reason no one had tackled the question is that researchers in human evolution had long assumed that ovulation didn't matter much in humans. The estrous cycle (British spelling, oestrous) is the main reproductive cycle of other species females of non-primate vertebrates, for example rats, mice, horses, pig have this form of reproductive cycle. Through this shared parental investment, both man and woman would increase their offspring's chances for survival, thereby increasing their reproductive fitness. Estrus occurs around the time of ovulation. While concealed human ovulation may have evolved in this fashion, extending estrus until it was no longer a distinct period, as paralleled in the bonobo, this theory of why concealed ovulation evolved has frequently been rejected. This led to a change in men's mating strategy: rather than mating with multiple women in the hope that some of them, at least, were fecund during that period, men instead chose to mate with a particular woman repeatedly throughout her menstrual cycle. the recurrent, restricted period of sexual receptivity in female mammals other than human females, marked by intense sexual urge. Whether other humans, potential reproductive partners in particular, can detect fertility in women through behavioral or invisible biological cues is highly debated. He explains that as ovulation is always concealed in women, men can only determine paternity (and thus decide on whether to kill the woman's child) probabilistically, based on his previous mating frequency with her, and so he would be unable to escape the possibility that the child might be his own, even if he were aware of promiscuous matings on the woman's part. Have the Words of the Day from October 19–25, 2020, made an indelible mark on your memory? See also estrous cycle. [21] Heistermann et al. Some examples of perceptible changes are swelling and redness of the genitalia in baboons and bonobos, and pheromone release in the feline family.
The shared reliance on this idea across several hypotheses concerning human evolution increases its significance in terms of this specific phenomenon. Copyright © 2011. [22][23][24] (See group selection, reciprocal altruism, and kin selection.).
“Affect” vs. “Effect”: Use The Correct Word Every Time. She must at first consume more food, then provide food to her offspring, while her ability to forage is reduced throughout. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Copulations between partners while the woman is pregnant or in the infertile period of her menstrual cycle do not achieve conception, but do strengthen the bond between these partners. Yet another possibility (regarding humans specifically) is that while highly specific signaling of ovulation is absent, human female anatomy evolved to mimic permanent signaling of fertility.[16]. It is thought that female genital swellings would have incurred added cost because of ineffective evaporation of water from the area.
Women who continuously mimicked estrus may have benefited from more meat than those that did not. Angora goats and Mossi goats were known to have a short, Because of a high degree of variation that exists between the, The proportion of each type of vaginal epithelial cell of ewes, during the, Fertility trial in Zebu cattle after a natural or controlled, For whatever reason, orphaned female fawns tend to come into, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, ESTRUS DURATION AND EXPRESSION IN NATURAL AND INDUCED ESTRUS IN INDIGENOUS (Bos indicus) CATTLE, Reproductive Characteristics of Dazu Black Goats, a Newly Discovered Chinese Indigenous Breed Resource with High Litter Sizes, Reproductive performance of fixed-time artificial insemination in swine and factors for the technology success/Desempenho reprodutivo da inseminacao artificial em tempo fixo em suinos e fatores para o sucesso da tecnologia, Morphological characterization of vaginal epithelial cells of santa ines ewes subjected to estrus synchronization, Early Bird: Gets The Whitetail Prize: IF YOU THINK THE NOVEMBER RUT IS THE BEST TIME TO HUNT WHITETAIL BUCKS, THINK AGAIN, Utilizacion de la ultrasonografia para determinar el estado genital en la sincronizacion e inseminacion artificial en vacas, Evaluation of Serum Biochemistry, Milk SCC, CVM Characteristics and Fertility in Cows with or without Clinical Endometritis at 30 DIM, Assessment of PGC1[alpha]-FNDC5 Axis in Granulosa Cells of PCOS Mouse Model, Actividad reproductiva de una poblacion de Nephelomys meridensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) en Colombia, Chances of getting deer decreasing, but are not yet extinguished, Estructuras Metálicas Y de Concreto SA de CV. Unlike other mammals, which go into \"heat\" during fertile periods, women can be up for sex any time of the month. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary estrus n. The periodic state of sexual excitement in the female of most mammals, excluding humans, that immediately precedes ovulation and during which the female is most receptive to mating; heat. Also, anogenital swelling at each ovulatory period may have interfered with the mechanics of bipedal locomotion, and selection may have favored females who were less hindered by this occurrence. Concealed ovulation or hidden estrus in a species is the lack of any perceptible change in an adult female (for instance, a change in appearance or scent) when she is fertile and near ovulation. mild or merciful in disposition or character; lenient; compassionate.
In contrast, the females of humans and a few other species[1] that undergo hidden estrus have few external signs of fecundity, making it difficult for a mate to consciously deduce, by means of external signs only, whether or not a female is near ovulation. It is argued that evidence such as the Coolidge effect, showing that a man does not seem to be naturally geared towards sexual mate-guarding behavior (that is, preventing other males from having access to his sexual partner), supports the conclusion that sexual monogamy (though perhaps not social monogamy and/or pair bonding) was rare in early modern humans.[20]. If a man didn't know which sexual encounter would pass his gen… The theory is that concealed ovulation evolved in women to lessen paternity certainty, which would both lessen the chances of infanticide (as a father is less likely to kill offspring that might be his), and potentially increase the number of men motivated to assist her in caring for her offspring (partible paternity). To the extent that concealed ovulation strengthened pair bonding, selective pressure would favor concealed ovulation as well.
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