Electric Dipole Two point charges of same magnitude and opposite nature separated by a small distance altogether form an electric dipole. Electric charge is the basic physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when kept in an electric or magnetic field. Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field (E) is given by NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1. The tangent on these lines at any point gives the direction of field at that point. The electric field is represented by the symbol E. It is either attracting or repelling them. where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. Hence, charge is quantised. (b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb) 21. 12. 10. 17. Electric Field Intensity The electric field intensity at any point due to source charge is defined as the force experienced per unit positive test charge placed at that point without disturbing the source charge. Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne The force acting on a unit position charge at a given point in a system of charges is called the electric field or electric field intensity at that point. U = pE (cos 90° – cosθ) = -pE cos θ = – p .E Example - Electric Stove. 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Contrary to the strong analogy between (classical) gravitation and electrostatics , there are no "centre of charge" or "centre of electrostatic attraction" analogues. 25. Work done in rotating the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to the position in which dipole experiences maximum torque, i.e. An electric stove consumes 5 MJ of energy from a 230 V power supply when turned on in 60 minutes. 6. The current can be calculated. (i) SI unit coulomb (C) 16. The electric field exists at all points in space and can be observed by bringing another charge into the electric field. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn. Electric Field Lines Electric field lines are a way of pictorially mapping the electric field around a configuration of charge(s). initial and final charge of the system will be same. Same as the case of electrostatic force, here we will apply principle of superposition, i.e. If the magnitude of charge is large, then it may create a huge stress around the region. 27. Combination of electric and magnetic fields is known as the electromagnetic field. Work done in rotating the electric dipole from θ1 to θ2 is W = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2) There exists a net force and torque on electric dipole when placed in non-uniform electric field. Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when angle between p and E is 0° and in unstable equilibrium when angle θ= 180°. Coulomb’s Law It states that the electrostatic force of interaction or repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is given by The region in which charges are closely spaced is said to have continuous distribution of charge. P = (5 MJ) (10 6 J/MJ) / ((60 min) (60 s/min)) = 1389 W = 1.39 kW. Quantisation of Charge Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, quantised. Additivity of Charges Charges are scalars and they add up like real numbers. Units of Charge Electrostatic Force due to Continuous Charge Distribution 26. Electric field lines due to positive and negative charge and their combinations are shown as below: Principle of Superposition of Electrostatic Forces This principle states that the net electric force experienced by a given charge particle q0 due to a system of charged particles is equal to the vector sum of the forces exerted on it due to all the other charged particles of the system. 24. There exists a net force and torque on electric dipole when placed in non-uniform electric field. 2. 29. (ii) CGS system 5. An electric charge produces an electric field, which is a region of space around an electrically charged particle or object in which an electric charge would feel force. r = 0.001000 m. The magnitude of the electric field can be found using the formula: The electric field 1.000 mm from the point charge has a magnitude of 0.008639 N/C, and is directed away from the charge. When more than one electrical charge is present, the electric field is equal to the vector sum of all individual electric fields due to all the charges. Electric Dipole Moment The strength of an electric dipole is measured by a vector quantity known as electric dipole moment (p) which is the product of the charge (q) and separation between the charges (2l). Potential energy of electric dipole when it rotates from θ1 = 90° to θ2 =0 3. 26. The Electric field is measured in N/C. when θ1 = 0° and θ2 = π. 13. Electric Field due to a System of Charges Solved Examples. The first step to solving for the magnitude of the electric field is to convert the distance from the charge to meters: r = 1.000 mm. It is of three types given as below: It is expressed as (a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C) 9. Electric Field Intensity (EFI) due to a Point Charge 30. When we substitute the electric force formula in the electric field formula, we get Electric Field Formula which is given by, If the voltage V is supplied across the given distance r, then the electric field formula is given as. energy to heat water ; The power rating - energy per unit time - of the stove can be calculated as. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity. The electric field is many times abbreviated as E-field. W = 2 pE An electric field is surrounding an electric charge and also exerting force on other charges in the field at the same time. when θ1 = 0° and θ2 = 90°. 27. An electric charge is associated with an electric field and the moving electric charge generates a magnetic field. Formula: N = ((ω 4 *p o 2 *sin 2 θ) / (32*π 2 *ε o *c 3 *r 3)) * v Where, N = Mean Flux Density of Oscillating Electric Dipole ω = Oscillation Frequency p o = Amplitude Of Dipole Moment θ = Angle ε o = Permittivity Of Free Space c = Speed Of Light r = Distance v = Vector From Dipole Related Calculator: 25. 14. Electrical & electronic formulas - Basic electronics, electrical units, symbols, basic concepts, DC/AC circuit laws, resistor color code Example 1. The fields E 1,2 and E 1,3, as well as their sum, the total electric field at the location of Q 1, E 1 (total), are shown in Figure 3.The total force on Q 1 is then obtained from equation (4) by multiplying the electric field E 1 (total) by Q 1.In Cartesian coordinates, this force, expressed in newtons, is given by its components along the x and y axes by. 7. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. Net force on electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field is zero. 1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C Work done in rotating the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium, i.e.
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