North of the Aras, the distinct, presumably Iranian, speech of Arrān long survived, called by Ebn Ḥawqal (p. 349, tr. The Armenian Christian princes straddled its middle and upper reaches, and beyond them were the Byzantines, with their great base at Erzurum (Arzan al-Rūm). The Pishon and Gihon were mountain streams. It was likewise Öljeytü (703-17/1304-17) who began construction of a new summer capital called Solṭānīya at a spot lying between Zanjān and Abhar, in a region of rich pasture, and this was completed in 713/1313 with many fine buildings, including the khan’s own tomb. [7] Because of this 19 century border changes one modern not widely accepted scheme draws Aras River as the line of continental demarcation between Europe and Asia. 6-9; on this place see Razmārā, Farhang IV, p. 15). 325-26). Kramers, p. 342) al-rānīya, and in the northeastern districts of Azerbaijan Armenian was of course found. pp. In 363 A.D. a peace treaty restored Armenia (including the Araxes) to Persia, but increasing Byzantine pressures in Armenia and elsewhere gradually led to increasing border attacks between the two empires. River located in and along the countries of Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran, "Araks" redirects here. [8], In Islamic times, the Araxes became known in Arabic parlance as al-Rass (not to be confused with modern-day Ar Rass) and in Perso-Turkish contexts as Aras. This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 20:22. Aserbaidschan selbst. The river is also mentioned in the last chapter of the Aeneid VIII by Virgil, as "angry at the bridge," since the Romans built a bridge over it, so that it is thereby conquered. During the Omayyad period, Azerbaijan was only thinly settled by the Arabs and was very much a frontier zone. Some of these “ʿErāqī” Turkmen eventually moved on to Mosul and Jazīra, but increasing waves of new arrivals meant that independent bands of marauders were gradually becoming established in Azerbaijan. 237-39; Bosworth, in Camb. had arisen in Tabrīz, and after the end of the war, disputed control of Azerbaijan with the central government of Woṯūq-al-dawla in Tehran. It then continues along the Iranian-Armenian and the Iranian-Azerbaijan border. Control of the valley was contested by the Sasanians and the Byzantines. Whilst Zoroastrianism clearly declined, Christianity was for long vital and flourishing, as is attested by the frequent mention of bishops of Azerbaijan in Syriac sources and by the apparent presence of monastic institutions and of hermits; the ʿahd “agreement” between the incoming Arabs and the people of Azerbaijan (see below) mentions the exclusion from payment of the jezya or poll-tax of, amongst others, “the pious devotee and anchorite, who has no possessions” (Ṭabarī, I, p. 2662). Tabrīz and western Azerbaijan were returned to Shah ʿAbbās by the treaty of 1022/1613, but further Ottoman incursions took place all through the century. [5] The name was later Hellenized to Araxes and was applied to the Kura-Araxes culture, a prehistoric people who flourished in the valleys of the Kura and Aras. [3] See Erasx for the etymology. Hence when Moḥammad-ʿAlī Shah and his Cossack Brigade, encouraged by Russian support, closed the Majles in 1908, rebellion broke out in Tabrīz, leading to the Russian military occupation of 1909. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. As per Arrian[1]The Araxes, or Aras, joins the Cyrus, or Kour, and falls into the Caspian Sea. The river is also mentioned in the last chapter of the Aeneid VIII by Virgil, as "angry at the bridge", since the Romans built a bridge over it,so that it is thereby conquered. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p. 104). This Arabic name led the Muslim exegetes to connect the Araxes with the Aṣḥāb al-Rass of Koran 25:38, 50:12, mentioned along with ʿĀd, Ṯamūd and other unbelievers as a people destroyed for its impiety (see A. J. Wensinck, EI2 , s.v. It then continues along the Iranian-Armenian and the Iranian-Azerbaijan border. Subsidiary downthrow basins open off it, and a system of feeder tributaries occupying broad, flat-floored valleys has developed. For other uses, see, "Araz" redirects here. The early Greek sources were thus hazy about the Araxes and its position, but Strabo and Pliny placed it more accurately, being aware of the small islands at its mouth, while Ptolemy noted along its course the towns of Armavir, Artašat, and Naḵǰavān (Nakhichevan) (see Tomaschek in Pauly-Wissowa, II/1, cols.
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