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Charles Schencking, "The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Culture of Catastrophe and Reconstruction in 1920s Japan", "Source process of the 1923 Kanto earthquake inferred from historical geodetic, teleseismic, and strong motion data", "The energy release in great earthquakes", "Fault models of the 1703 Genroku and 1923 Taisho Kanto earthquakes inferred from coastal movements in the southern Kanto erea", "Tsunami Behavior of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake at Atami and Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay", "Aftershock Activities for Two Days after the 1923 Kanto Earthquake (M=7.9) Inferred from Seismograms at Gifu Observatory", "Mortality Estimation by Causes of Death Due to the 1923 Kanto Earthquake", "Magnitude and location of historical earthquakes in Japan and implications for the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake", "English: THIS IS AN IMAGE THAT IS PART OF A RAW IMAGE COLLECTIONGreat care should be taken to remove whitespace and captions before using these in a Wiki project. Earthquake 1923 strucking the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. (Kanto is the name of the geographical area of which Tokyo forms the center). Both socially and politically, it steered Japan in a radically different direction than the one it was heading. In Yasunari Kawabata's 1930 novel The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa several chapters deal with the Great Kantō earthquake. Fully aware of the risks involved, eight of the male passengers decided to leave the ship and enter the city. Tokyo 1923 According to the Guinness Book of Records, the most destructive earthquake ever was the Kanto earthquake that struck the Tokyo and Yokohama areas at 11:58am on September 1, 1923. Fire was the greatest killer but, with the violence and prolonged chaos, the death toll may well have been much higher. Stunned survivors of the earthquake, tsunami, and firestorm looked for an explanation or a scapegoat, and the target of their fury was the ethnic Koreans living in their midst. Ultimately, the disaster sparked both soul-searching and nationalism in Japan. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.[13]. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143. On 1 September 1923 Tokyo’s vulnerabilities were exposed unambiguously. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The single greatest loss of life was caused by a fire tornado that engulfed the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho (formerly the Army Clothing Depot) in downtown Tokyo, where about 38,000 people were incinerated after taking shelter there after the earthquake. A tornado passed over a wildfire in Australia and sucked the flames up into its spout. In 1924, an American journalist in Japan offered a harrowing first-hand account of the Great Kanto earthquake. [15], Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The epicentre of the Kanto Earthquake was under Sagami bay, a beach south of central japan. [citation needed] The Army distributed flyers denying the rumor and warning civilians against attacking Koreans, but in many cases vigilante activity only ceased as a result of Army operations against it. [32] In the confusion after the quake, mass murder of Koreans by mobs occurred in urban Tokyo and Yokohama, fueled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage. The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. After the earthquake, Gotō Shinpei organized a reconstruction plan of Tokyo with modern networks of roads, trains, and public services. People are trying to escape along the broad streets. This earthquake at the time was the largest earthquake to scale in … Killing a large portion of people. The video was captured by film-maker Chris Tangey. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143. "Voices of vulnerability and resilience: children and their recollections in post-earthquake Tokyo. the Kantō Massacre) has been documented. Book Description: In September 1923, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake devastated eastern Japan, killing more than 120,000 people and leaving two million homeless. Refugees Fleeing the Fire, 1923. [35][36][37] Some newspapers reported the rumors as fact, including the allegation that Koreans were poisoning wells. The Great Kanto Earthquake, also sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on Sept. 1, 1923. Evacuees were transported by ship from Kantō to as far as Kobe in Kansai. The biggest aftershock was the mass amounts of fires that broke out. It measured 7.9 on the Richter scale and occurred when a section of the Philippine Sea plate suddenly shifted under the Kanto Plains. Burning … The quake struck at 11:58 a.m. on September 1, 1923. Occuring on September 1, 1923, the quake struck the Tokyo and Yokohama areas, killing over 140,000 people and leaving over 3 million homeless. [citation needed]. Waki Yamato's manga Haikara-san ga Tōru actually reaches its climax after the Great Kantō earthquake—which happens right before the wedding of the female lead, Benio Hanamura, and her second love Tousei. On September 1st., 1923, a massive earthquake struck the nation’s most populated area. ", Hunter, Janet, and Kota Ogasawara. Government buildings, homes, shops, roads, parks, and bridges that existed on nearly 33 million square meters of land had been destroyed. The Great Kanto Earthquake occurred on 1 September 1923 and inflicted serious damage on Yokohama City. In the wood-built cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, upended cooking fires and broken gas mains set off firestorms that raced through homes and offices. The Adobe Flash plugin is needed to view this content. The offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami in the bay, which struck the island of Oshima at a height of 39 feet and hit the Izu and Boso Peninsulas with 20-foot waves. The SS Dongola's captain reported that, while he was anchored in Yokohama's inner harbor: The outbreak of World War II and subsequent destruction severely limited resources. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 shocked the nation. The 1923 earthquake led to record-high morbidity due to unsanitary conditions following the earthquake, and it prompted the establishment of antityphoid measures and the building of urban infrastructure. About; History; Browse; Scholarship; Resources; CDS Home; Kerry Smith History Department Box N Brown University Providence RI 02912 . On September 1st the Great Kanto Earthquake struck Yokohama, levelling much of the city. [31][40] The chief of police of Tsurumi (or Kawasaki by some accounts) is reported to have publicly drunk the well water to disprove the rumor that Koreans had been poisoning wells. of recent events, it is the Great Kantō Earthquake (Kantō Daishinsai) of 1923 that remains Japan’s worst natural disaster, in terms of loss of life and material damage. On the way, the 1923 earthquake strikes, damaging the train and causing a huge fire in the city. In the historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari (Hiroshi Aramata) a supernatural explanation is given for the cause of the Great Kantō earthquake, connecting it with the principles of feng shui. [citation needed] According to the Japanese construction company Kajima Kobori Research's conclusive report of September 2004, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.[16][17][18]. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923-Hallock Map depicting the Peak Ground Velocity of 1923 Kanto Earthquake measuring movement in centimeters per second The location of Japan on the Pacific Ring of Fire puts the nation in a perilous position. The tremors most heavily affected the imperial capital, Tokyo, and left the port metropolis Yokohama in ruins. While study of the Kantō disaster is of interest in itself, this case study may also help us better to analyze the recovery process. The total death toll from the earthquake and its aftereffects is estimated at about 142,800. The Earthquake lasted between 4- 10 minutes. Reports estimate it to have been between 7.9 to 8.2 on the Richter scale. In 1960, the government declared September 1, on the 37th anniversary of the quake, as an annual "Disaster Prevention Day". "'Extreme confusion and disorder'? The Great Kanto Earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kanto plain on the Japanese main island of Honshu at 11:58 on the morning of September 1, 1923.The quake was later estimated to have had a magnitude between 7.9 and 8.3 on the Richter scale.It destroyed the Japanese port city of Yokohama as well as surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, … The source of the 1923 Kanto earthquake is a megathrust between Philippine Sea plate and Honshu plate. Hannah Gould, ‘Exhibiting disaster’ 47 A deep fissure opened by the earthquake, Nijū Bridge, Tokyo, c. 1923, postcard, 8.5 ×13.5 cm. Henry W. Kinney January 1924 Issue. The Great Kanto Earthquake triggered another horrifying result. Japanese history, measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale. By early 1924, Furukawa Electric decided on a plan of reconstruction, which included a drastic restructuring and reallocation of cable production in Furukawa Zaibatsu. Tokyo is located near a fault zone beneath the Izu Peninsula which, on average, causes a major earthquake about once every 70 years,[50] and is also located near the Sagami Trough, a large subduction zone that has potential for large earthquakes. ThoughtCo. The unfinished battlecruiser Amagi was in drydock being converted into an aircraft carrier in Yokosuka in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Photo Slideshows; … The city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo was, although both were devastated. Just eight years later, the nation took its first steps toward World War II with the invasion and occupation of Manchuria. Fire and tremors together claimed 90% of the homes in Yokohama and left 60% of Tokyo's people homeless. We would lounge around and, disregarding the … The main shock occurred beneath the eastern half of Tanzawa Mountain (mountain range in the Kanto region). Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. The massacre is also known as the Massacre of Koreans in 1923. … The collapsing building and the inferno followed the earthquake killed 140,000 people. "Price shocks in regional markets: Japan's Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. The Great Kanto Earthquake, 1923 Hannah Gould. The SS Dongola's captain reported that, while he was anchored in Yokohama's inner harbor: At 11.55 a.m. ship commenced to tremble and vibrate violently and on looking towards the shore it was seen that a terrible earthquake was taking place, buildings were collapsing in all directions and in a few minutes nothing could be seen for clouds of dust. The subduction zone created by the intersection of these two plates sits roughly 100 km south of Tokyo virtually bisecting Sagami Bay. The destruction of the US embassy caused Ambassador Cyrus Woods to relocate the embassy to the hotel. Over 570,000 homes were destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless. The Economist's response to the Great Kanto earthquake of September 1923. Great Kantō Earthquake- The Wreckage of Kyobashi and Shinbashi Areas 1923. September 1 is designated as Disaster Prevention Day – a memorial to the 140,000 estimated victims of the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. Share Share. Developed & hosted by Center for Digital Scholarship Brown University Library Providence, RI 02912 cds_info@brown.edu. Szczepanski, Kallie. People are trying to escape along the broad streets. The Kanto earthquake of 1 September 1923 in Japan is one of the most destructive earthquakes in the world, and over 100,000 people were sacrificed in the disaster. The Kantō Massacre was a mass murder which the Japanese military, police and vigilantes committed against the Korean residents of the Kantō region, Japan, immediately after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Vigilante groups set up roadblocks in cities, and tested residents with a shibboleth for supposedly Korean-accented Japanese: deporting, beating, or killing those who failed. In the 2017 josei manga Fushigi Yûgi Byakko Senki (by Yuu Watase), the heroine Suzuno Osugi enters The Universe of the Four Gods for the first time right after the earthquake: her father Takao, who is dying from injuries he suffered when the family house fatally collapsed on him and Suzuno's mother Tamayo, orders her to do so, so she will survive the disaster and its aftermath. Where The Great Kanto Earthquake: The Kanto Plain (Tokyo, Yokohama, and the Prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa and Shizuoka), Japan. The photographs presented in this special online exhibition were taken by August Kengelbacher.They are a courtesy of Peter Kengelbacher. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike … A great number of Tokyo’s many bridges were destroyed in the earthquake, which significantly … He wrote. This earthquake … Although the quake … It was the worst .earthquake in Japan since the Great Kanto earthquake in 1923, which claimed 140,000 lives. After the Kanto Earthquake Japanese history, measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale. [24] American Acting Consul General Max David Kirjassoff and his wife Alice Josephine Ballantine Kirjassoff died in the earthquake.[25]. More than 100,000 people died when the Great Kantō Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area on September 1, 1923. They largely consist of interviews with survivors, witnesses and perpetrators. However, these manufacturing industries appear to have swiftly recovered in … The Hashou's mansion is destroyed, leading to an emotional confrontation between Akiko and Saionji; meanwhile, Sara's humble house in the suburbia is also destroyed and her and Junichirou's mother dies of injuries she sustained in the earthquake.[52]. A Brief History of the Disaster. [citation needed] In some towns, even police stations into which Korean people had escaped were attacked by mobs, whereas in other neighbourhoods, residents took steps to protect them. Every year on the same date, drills and other activities are … The source of the 1923 Kanto earthquake is a megathrust between Philippine Sea plate and Honshu plate. Houses Collapsed in the Great Tokyo Earthquake. A) was greater than that of Hurricane Katrina B) was not as high as in the Great Kanto earthquake [42], Amidst the mob violence against Koreans in the Kantō Region, regional police and the Imperial Army used the pretext of civil unrest to liquidate political dissidents. Army and police personnel colluded in the vigilante killings in some areas. The Great Kanto Earthquake Part 3. Every year on this date, schools across Japan take a moment of silence at the precise time the earthquake hit in memory of the lives lost. Movements associated with these two tectonic plates triggered the 8.2 magnitude approximate Genroku Earthquake of 1703 and the 7.9 magnitude approximate Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans in 1923: Notes on Japan's Modern National Sovereignty Sonia Ryang Johns Hopkins University A bout thirty years ago, when I was a student at a Korean middle school in T city, Tokyo's suburb, the best place to hang around with my classmates after school was the local library. These winds caused fires to spread rapidly. Japan’s policies from 1924 onward show the Great Kanto Earthquake as a clear example of a government using a natural disaster to achieve political and ideological ends (Schencking, … What was The Great Kanto Earthquake death toll: Officially 142,000 died, including 40,000 who simply disappeared. The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake: The History and Legacy of the Earthquake That Destroyed Tokyo chronicles the earthquake and its aftermath. Beginning in 1960, every September 1 is designated as Disaster Prevention Day to commemorate the earthquake and remind people of the importance of preparedness, as August and September are the peak of the typhoon season. 2 thoughts on “ The Great Kanto Earthquake Part 2 ” tonyatkinson56 says: April 29, 2020 at 7:54 am. A massive 8.9-magnitude earthquake hit northeast Japan Friday, setting a nuclear plant ablaze, unleashing a 10-metre tsunami that tossed ships inland and leaving at least 32 people reported dead. The Great Kanto Earthquake in Japan, 1923. [33] The government reported that 231 Koreans were killed by mobs in Tokyo and Yokohama in the first week of September. Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. In the manga (comic) adaptation of Japan Sinks, the Second Kantō Earthquake killed over five million. The Emperor and Empress were staying at Nikko when the earthquake struck Tokyo, and were never in any danger. Szczepanski, Kallie. In September 1923, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake devastated eastern Japan, killing more than 120,000 people and leaving two million homeless. The josei manga and anime Kasei Yakyoku (by author Makiko Hirata) also finishes some time after the earthquake, as a corollary to the main love triangle between the noblewoman Akiko Hashou, her lover Taka Itou, and Akiko's personal maid Sara Uchida. The affected regions were Tokyo, Yokohama, and the coastal regions along Sagami Bay. What follows is the continuation of the contempory coverage of the disaster from a Yokohama-based English-language newspaper. [40][43], Director Chongkong Oh made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (1986). The collapsing building and the inferno followed the earthquake killed 140,000 people. The Great Kanto Earthquake 764 Words | 4 Pages. A telegram from Baron Kihachiro Okura reported the … … [28] There were 57 aftershocks. Presentations. Great Kantō Earthquake- The Wreckage of Kyobashi and Shinbashi Areas 1923. [39], In response, the government called upon the Japanese Army and the police to protect Koreans; 23,715 Koreans were placed in protective custody across Japan, 12,000 in Tokyo alone. Aria's birth mother is severely injured by debris and later dies, and this triggers a subplot about Aria's own heritage. [38] A monument commemorating this was built in 1993 in Wenzhou. The tsunami caused many deaths, including about 100 people along Yui-ga-hama Beach in Kamakura and an estimated 50 people on the Enoshima causeway. "The Great Kanto Earthquake in Japan, 1923." Until the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, the Great Kanto earthquake stood as the strongest recorded earthquake in. Many people died when their feet became stuck on melting tarmac. It devastated Tokyo and the surrounding area. A tsunami with waves up to 10 m (33 ft) high struck the coast of Sagami Bay, Bōsō Peninsula, Izu Islands, and the east coast of Izu Peninsula within minutes. The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan. 90 percent of homes in Yokohama were damaged. The innovative design used to construct the Imperial Hotel, and its structural fortitude, inspired the creation of the popular Lincoln Logs toy.[47]. [48], The Honda Point Disaster on the West Coast of the United States, in which seven US Navy destroyers ran aground and 23 lives were lost, has been attributed to navigational errors caused by unusual currents set up by the earthquake in Japan.[49]. [14], This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. Rubble had to be cleared, lots surveyed, plans devised, and construction material sourced to rebuild a disaster-ravaged city. Great Kantō Earthquake- Flock of Refugees. About 90 percent of the factories in Yokohama City were burnt down or completely destroyed. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. When the news was published in … Tokyo residents flee with their belongings after the 1923 earthquake and fire The Ginza in Tokyo, a year after the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, 1924. Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. The epicenter of the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake was deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. When these cleared away fire could be seen starting in many directions and in half an hour the whole city was in flames. [50] The park houses a Buddhist-style memorial hall/museum, a memorial bell donated by Taiwanese Buddhists, a memorial to the victims of World War II Tokyo air raids, and a memorial to the Korean victims of the vigilante killings. The RMS Empress of Australia was about to leave Yokohama harbour when the earthquake struck. Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous and hilly coastal areas in western Kanagawa Prefecture; about 800 people died. It happens right as the marriage between Akiko and her fiancé Kiyosu Saionji is announced, Sara is in the streets, and Taka is taking Sara's brother Junichirou (who had been injured in a yakuza-related incident) to a hospital. The numerous fires and cloudy well water, a little-known effect of a large quake, all seemed to confirm the rumors of the panic-stricken survivors who were living amidst the rubble. In the 2013 animated film by director Hayao Miyazaki, The Wind Rises, the protagonist Jiro Horikoshi is traveling to Tokyo by train to study engineering. Tagged: great kanto earthquake of 1923 September 16, 2012 Australian Fire tornado video captured A fire tornado was spotted in Australia. In the hours and days following, nationalist and racist rhetoric took hold across Japan. A collapsing mountainside in the village of Nebukawa, west of Odawara, pushed the entire village and a passenger train carrying over 100 passengers, along with the railway station, into the sea. Following the devastation of the earthquake, some in the government considered the possibility of moving the capital elsewhere. Most workers went home after a short day at work and for students it was their first day back at school after a long summer break. 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