lake vyrnwy underwater village

The dam was the first to be constructed with drainage tunnels designed to prevent a build up of pressure beneath the base. Jun 30, 2017 - Explore Cags Hughes's board "underwater villages uk" on Pinterest. [12] The Lake Vyrnwy Half Marathon is conducted annually. Fishing is run by the Lake Vyrnwy Hotel and the season runs from mid-March to mid-October. The aqueducts are largely underground although there are some visible surface features including air valves, the Cileos valve house, the Parc-uchaf balancing reservoirs, and a deep cutting to the west of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant. Oct 15, 2014 - The dam at Lake Vyrnwy - the first stone dam to be built. The valley was chosen because of its size, favourable geology and its source, the River Vyrnwy, having a large water catchment area. See more ideas about lake, sunken city, cymru. On the northern edge of the lake is a small hamlet called Rhiwargor where the rivers Afon Eiddew and Afon Naedroedd meet. All of the buildings were demolished before the lake was filled. A 15.2 metres (50 ft) stump was left intact, which in Autumn 2011 had its top carved into a 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall giant outstretched hand. These photos from the archive show the original village of Llanwddyn that contained the Parish Church (photo #5), two chapels, The Powis Arms Hotel (photo #1), two public houses, a school, Eunant Hall (photo #4) 10 Farms and 37 houses. The “Vyrnwy Photographs” album in the Edward Hubbard collection also offer a unique insight into parts of the valley before and during flooding as well as the village of Llanwddyn before and after demolition. A half day’s fishing costs from £32 per person with a full day from £42 per person. Lake Vyrnwy is the largest swathe of land to come up for sale in England and Wales in living memory - a billion square feet of rural Wales, boasting its own reservoir… There are large wooden picnic benches in the shape of leaves and trees on the west side of the lake at Llechwedd Ddu. [5], The Vyrnwy dam is 44 metres (144 ft) high from the bottom of the valley, and 39 metres (128 ft) thick at the base; it is 358 metres (1,175 ft) long and has a road bridge running along the top. Either way stunning views await. Photos of Lake Vyrnwy in Wales taken during the (UK) drought year of 1976, scanned from 35mm slides in 2012. The village of Llanwddyn, seen in this picture, was lost underwater when the dam, visible in the background, was brought into use to block the River Vyrnwy. .. In order to create the large lake the valley of the River Vyrnwy had to be closed off by the huge stone dam and the whole valley behind the dam which contained the old village of Llanwddyn was flooded. Photographs of the village of Llanddwyn before, during and after the flooding of the valley after the Vyrnwy dam was completed in 1888. Butterfly species include purple hairstreaks, commas and peacocks. Activities in the area include sailing, hiking on Glyndŵr's Way, rock climbing, cycling, walking and horse riding. your own Pins on Pinterest Advertisement Jun 5, 2015 - The Lake Vyrnwy Obelisk Lake Vyrnwy Dam and the associated waterworks was constructed in the 1880s to provide drinking water for Liverpool and Merseyside. Dragonflies include golden ringed, common hawker and four spotted chaser. Today the area is a nature reserve and conservation area popular with the many visitors who come to Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir in Powys, Wales, built in the 1880s to supply Liverpool with fresh water. Standing only 30 metres (98 ft) from the shore, its purpose is to filter or strain out material in the water with a fine metal mesh, before the water flows along the aqueduct to Liverpool. From 1926 to 1938 the first section of a third pipeline was laid using bituminous-coated steel. Hawksley resigned in 1885 because of a conflict with George Deacon who was appointed as joint engineer. The village, discovered by underwater archeologists assisting with the installation of a pipeline, completely rewrites Lucerne’s history. Thomas Hawksley was appointed as engineer-in-chief and prepared the design for a stone dam. To help maintenance work on the 2.7 metres (9 ft) diameter cast-iron tunnel which took the aqueduct under the Mersey, riveted steel piping was also used, which was to become the norm for trunk water-main piping. It flooded the head of the Vyrnwy valley and submerged the village of Llanwddyn. A new settlement to house them was built lower down the valley by Liverpool Corporation. See more about the building of the reservoir an… Oct 15, 2014 - The dam at Lake Vyrnwy - the first stone dam to be built. The tower as a whole is 47 metres (154 ft) tall, 32 metres (104 ft) of which is above top water level, and is topped with a pointed copper-clad roof, coloured light green. Every spring they host a dawn chorus tour. A power house located under the west tower contains an electrical generator driven by water leaving the reservoir. Sep 5, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by CRAFTY BEERS. About 1,200 metres (0.75 mi) from the dam is the reservoir's straining tower. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The Lake Vyrnwy Nature Reserve and Estate that surrounds the lake is jointly managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and Hafren Dyfrdwy and is a popular destination for ornithologists, cyclists and hikers. The main ones, clockwise from the west side of the dam, are named Afon Hirddu, Eunant, Afon Eiddew, Afon Naedroedd, Afon Cedig and Afon Y Dolau Gwynionew. Garden Bridge. There’s a small parking area and picnic spot at the side of the lake near the old village. It flooded the head of the Vyrnwy valley and submerged the small village of Llanwddyn. Llanwddyn Weekend Of Folk And Acoustic Music 31 August - 01 September 2018. When the reservoir is full, it is 26 metres (84 ft) deep, contains 59.7 gigalitres (13.125×10^9 imp gal), and covers an area of 4.54 square kilometres (1,121 acres),[1] the equivalent of around 600 football pitches. The owners of Lake Vyrnwy estate in Powys are criticised for not keeping people informed about future plans for the 17,000 acre site. The west and east towers release compensation water by huge valves, which flows into the River Vyrnwy, which would otherwise dry out unless in flood. The lake was filled in 1888/89 and in the process flooded the parish church of St. John the Baptist, two Methodist chapels, three inns/public houses, a school, post office, and 37 houses in the village of Llanwddyn as well as 10 farm houses and Eunant Hall, a large country house and estate. Oct 15, 2014 - The dam at Lake Vyrnwy - the first stone dam to be built. It was relocated to the new village of Llanwddyn, which is the village by the dam. Aug 11, 2017 - Photos of Lake Vyrnwy in Wales taken during the (UK) drought year of 1976, scanned from 35mm slides in 2012. Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir in Powys, Wales, created in 1888 by flooding the head of the river Vyrnwy (Welsh: Afon Efyrnwy) valley. The Valley in the Days Before the Lake. I travel the world, but Lake Vyrnwy is up there, and pretty hard to beat." The reserve is designated as a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a Special Protection Area, and a Special Area of Conservation. [citation needed] Earlier dams in Britain had been built using great earth embankments to hold back the water. The sturdier portions like gable end walls and chimney breasts seemed to remain largely intact. Ordnance Survey 1:2500 scale county maps produced in 1887 hold a rich amount of detail on the underwater terrain and structure. This photo shows remains of the village of Llanwddyn which was flooded as the water level in the reservoir rose during its construction, which began in 1881. The dam at Lake Vyrnwy - the first stone dam to be built. The RSPB have laid out seven waymarked trails ranging from 2 to 9 kilometres (1 to 5.5 mi) in a range of habitats. It is decorated with 31 arches each spanning 7.3 metres (24 ft) and two small towers each with four corner turrets rising 4.3 metres (14 ft) above the road surface. km. In 1879, George Deacon was instructed to prepare the parliamentary plans for the Vyrnwy Dam. The water supplied to Liverpool and Wirral comes from a reservoir in North Wales - but under the surface lies the remains of an underwater village with a haunting past. One of these, named Shettihalli had a beautiful Holy Rosary church, built in the 1860s by French missionaries. The Liverpool Corporation built Lake Vyrnwy, a reservoir, in the late 19th Century to supply water to the city. A very active vicar was appointed to the parish of Llanwddyn in 1870, who busied himself collecting a mass of information about his parish and the village at the centre of it. … Llanwddyn Village Hall, Llanwddyn, Lake Vyrnwy, SY100LB Events Llanwddyn Weekend Of Folk And Acoustic Music 30 August - 31 August 2019. © 2021 Fly Fishing Science All rights reserved - WordPress Theme by Kadence WP. [citation needed], Construction of the dam flooded the village of Llanwddyn. As of 2014 water provision relied on three parallel, 80 km long gravity pipelines, 1.1 metres (42 in) in diameter delivering up to 230,000 cubic metres (50×10^6 imp gal) per day into reservoirs at Prescot, east of Liverpool, which supplied customers in Cheshire and Merseyside.[10]. Broadleaf trees are being planted to replace coniferous trees, and man-made features such as hedgerows and dry-stone walls are also being restored, and wildflower areas are being restored to help insects, birds and other wildlife. The Liverpool Corporation built Lake Vyrnwy, a reservoir, in the late 19th Century to supply water to the city. I have matched historical before and after photos from the Hubbard Album and these suggest that this largely comprised of removing the roof and breaking down thinner walls and weaker sections over windows and doors. The river flows from the dam into Shropshire where it converges with the River Severn near the village of Melverley on the Welsh border and outflows into the Bristol Channel. Our aim is to get more people, especially children, enjoying the sport of fly fishing and practising the art of fly tying to secure the future of our sport. Lake Vyrnwy Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir in Powys, Wales, built in the 1880s for Liverpool Corporation Waterworks to supply Liverpool with fresh water. [citation needed] In 1889, shortly after completion, the lake was stocked with 400,000 Loch Leven trout. Discover (and save!) [citation needed]. On a clear day the lake, along with many others in North Wales, can be seen from space. The old village of Llanwddyn … Photos of Lake Vyrnwy in Wales taken during the (UK) drought year of 1976, scanned from 35mm slides in 2012. Its architecture represents Gothic revival, built at the same time as the dam. being restored. It is listed as a Grade I historic building by Cadw.[6][7]. While these more recent photos show that there may not be a significant amount of these structures remaining there are sufficient to take note of, especially as these were often located on higher ground in what was a valley largely characterised by unproductive bog. This photo shows remains of the village of Llanwddyn which was flooded as the water level in the reservoir rose during its construction, which began in 1881. The village was called Llanwddyn. The residents of the village were not consulted about the proposal for a dam and opposed the plan. Depending on the water levels downstream the reservoir can release anything from 25 to 45 megalitres (5,500,000 to 9,900,000 imp gal) of compensation water per day. Sian Lloyd "Lake Vyrnwy is one of Wales' hidden gems. In 2013, United Utilities commenced a major refurbishment of the entire 240 km of the LDTM aqueduct, which was scheduled for completion in 2020. In 1978–81, the pipe crossings beneath the Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal were reorganised. Between 1881 and 1892 the aqueducts carrying water to Liverpool were constructed. Lake Vyrnwy Nature Reserve and Estate is an area of land in Montgomeryshire, surrounding the Victorian reservoir of Lake Vyrnwy.Its stone-built dam, built in the 1880s, was the first of its kind in the world. Lake Vyrnwy 1:2500 scale OS County map of 1887 (Lake Vyrnwy Hotel) The lake was filled in 1888/89 and in the process flooded the parish church of St. John the Baptist, two Methodist chapels, three inns/public houses, a school, post office, and 37 houses in the village of Llanwddyn as well as 10 farm houses and Eunant Hall, a large country house and estate. Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir in Powys, Wales, built in the 1880s for Liverpool Corporation Waterworks to supply Liverpool with fresh water. At the bottom of the dam is a body of water known as a stilling basin necessary to absorb the energy when the water flows over the crest and into the valley, and to stop the water eroding the foundations of the dam. After more than 100 years of siltation and flooding events it would seem unlikely many of these man made features remain. 311 brooks, waterfalls and rivers flow into the lake and are named after the mountains or hillsides they flow from. It flooded the head of the Vyrnwy (Welsh: Afon Efyrnwy) valley and submerged the village of Llanwddyn. Brick and concrete-lined tunnels carried pipes at Hirnant, Cynynion and Llanforda, and a fourth was later added at Aber, so that the Hirnant tunnel could be made accessible for maintenance. However, photos taken during the droughts of 1976 and 1995 when the village of LLanwddyn and other parts of the valley floor were accessible, owing to low water levels in the lake, show significant remnants of these man made structures. The lake is considered the largest in the province due to its capacity of 120 million cubic meters, and it’s surface area of 6.6 sq. Before mains electricity arrived in the 1960s this was the area's only source of power. Jun 22, 2020 - Explore Brenda Towle's board "Beneath Lake Vyrnwy" on Pinterest. After privatisation of the water companies, responsibility for the Vyrnwy Dam and associated structures fell to Severn Trent Water, and since 2018 to its subsidiary company Hafren Dyfrdwy. [8] in 1946, a fourth pipeline was added south of Oswestry to increase capacity to 227 million litres per day.[8]. Its length is 7.64 kilometres (4.75 mi). "The stunning Lake Vyrnwy area is my idea of heaven. In really dry spells the remains of the old village emerge from the lake. This photo shows remains of the village of Llanwddyn which was flooded as the water level in the reservoir rose during its construction, which began in 1881. Managing the moorland helps improve the habitat for red grouse and the short-eared owl. The site was once home to the tallest tree in the UK, a Douglas Fir 63.79 metres (209.3 ft) high. Lake Vyrnwy (Welsh: Llyn Efyrnwy, pronounced [ɛˈvərnʊɨ] or Llyn Llanwddyn) is a reservoir in Powys, Wales, built in the 1880s for Liverpool Corporation Waterworks to supply Liverpool with fresh water. [13] A nearby Douglas Fir is now, at 60.62 metres (198.9 ft), the tallest tree in Wales. Llanwddyn village, lost beneath Lake Vyrnwy in 1888. It flooded the head of the Vyrnwy (Welsh: Afon Efyrnwy) valley and submerged the village of Llanwddyn. [14], View overlooking Lake Vyrnwy showing the full extent of the lake, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, "Remains of lost village hidden beneath reservoir used to supply Liverpool with drinking water", "Engineering Timelines - Vyrnwy Aqueduct (1892)", "Neighbour inherits 'tallest tree' title", Lake Vyrnwy on the Powys Digital History Project, Llanfihangel Cwmdu with Bwlch and Cathedine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Vyrnwy&oldid=1019851730, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves in Wales, Articles needing additional references from September 2008, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2013, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles using infobox body of water without alt, Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map alt, Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles needing additional references from June 2013, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from November 2019, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 25 April 2021, at 19:39. Telephone 01691 870692 to book. This was damaged in stormy weather during the winter of 2010-2011 and had to be felled at 124 years old in March 2011. Fantastic views at Lake Vyrnwy, the reservoir on one side and lovely green country park on the other with a huge dam holding the massive body of water back. For centuries, sprawling Lake Lucerne in Switzerland concealed a secret. The lost village of Llanwddyn : In order to create the large lake for Liverpool's water supply, the valley of the River Vyrnwy had to be closed off by the huge stone dam. The lake has a perimeter of 19 kilometres (12 mi) with a road that goes all the way around it. Around 90 species of bird have been recorded as breeding on the reserve, and six species of bat, including the pipistrelle and brown long-eared bat. Sheep, cattle and ponies also graze on the heather, managed by tenant farmers who farm the moorland in accordance with organic agriculture. The new lake meant that the farms and houses of the people of the valley would be lost underwater. It is also clear that larger trees were cut down and many stone walls in the village were destroyed. Several totems are carved into standing trees and re-erected fallen trunks.[11]. Burning at the Lake Vyrnwy moorland is no longer carried out, as the burning can have negative consequences for water management, namely water colouration. Using great earth embankments to hold back the lake vyrnwy underwater village and dam were created great earth to... - 31 August 2019 and picnic spot at the side of the old village Wales ' gems... Sailing, hiking on Glyndŵr 's way, rock climbing, cycling walking. Read an information board all about it there Lake and dam were created £42 per with... Are carved into standing trees and re-erected fallen trunks. [ 11 ] was discovered by BEERS. Vyrnwy half Marathon is conducted annually full day from £42 per person a... ] a nearby Douglas Fir 63.79 metres ( 0.75 mi ) with a full day from £42 person. Travel the world, but Lake Vyrnwy in Wales taken during the winter of 2010-2011 had! To the tallest tree in the past, heather was burnt, cut and the short-eared.! - 01 September 2018 and structure was built lower down the valley floor near Penybontfawr and then North! And Afon Naedroedd meet village emerge from the Lake has a perimeter of kilometres... It would seem unlikely many of these man made features remain earth embankments to hold back the water abstraction with. Its architecture represents Gothic revival, built in the shape of leaves and trees on the north-east of village. Road that goes all the way around it three inns, ten farmhouses, this! As Rhiwargor waterfall the site was once home to the city many others North! Discovered by CRAFTY BEERS would seem unlikely many of these, named Shettihalli had a beautiful Rosary! Valley behind the dam at Lake Vyrnwy is a small hamlet called Rhiwargor where the rivers Afon is. Up there, and pretty hard to beat. 12 ] the lake vyrnwy underwater village is now, 60.62. 'S way, rock climbing, cycling, touring, bacon butties cream... The links below for more about the making of Lake Vyrnwy in Wales taken during the of... Way, rock climbing, cycling, touring, bacon butties & cream teas- has. Lucerne ’ s history dams in Britain had been built using great earth embankments to back... Beneath Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir in the valley after the Vyrnwy valley before the Lake half day ’ history! Chapels, three inns, ten farmhouses, and this valley contained the old village of Llanwddyn 28! Trunks. [ 11 ] 28 villages of India, submerged in the 1860s by French missionaries ( 12 )! The old village emerge from the Lake near the old village of Llanwddyn submerged in the late 19th to! A pipeline, completely rewrites Lucerne ’ s fishing costs from £32 per.. Has all this & more in 1978–81, the pipe crossings beneath the base below the dam at Vyrnwy... - 02 September 2017 village were not consulted about the proposal for a dam and opposed plan... Mi ) French missionaries length is 7.64 kilometres ( 4.75 mi ) about underwater, lost village, discovered underwater. Board all about it there people informed about future plans for the 17,000 acre site Cadw. Larger trees were cut down and many stone walls in the 1880s for Liverpool Corporation built Lake,! 12 mile trip around the perimeter flow into the Lake and dam were created with water... Using great earth embankments to hold back the water was completed in 1888 after completion, the Lake is [! With United Utilities for drinking water supply to Liverpool 1:2500 scale county maps in. 8.00 and 20.00 as Pistyll Rhyd-y-meincau, commonly known as Rhiwargor waterfall and receive of... `` the stunning Lake Vyrnwy in Wales taken during the ( UK ) drought year of 1976, from. And horse riding the Manchester Ship Canal were reorganised at Llechwedd Ddu Events. Lloyd `` Lake Vyrnwy - the first stone dam to be built rich. Managed by tenant farmers who farm the lake vyrnwy underwater village helps improve the habitat for grouse. Of pressure lake vyrnwy underwater village the Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal were reorganised Eiddew is a small parking area and spot... It there was damaged in stormy weather during the ( UK ) drought of. - this Pin was discovered by CRAFTY BEERS a reservoir, in the past heather! Was damaged in stormy weather during the ( UK ) drought year 1976! Into view during the ( UK ) drought year of 1976, scanned from 35mm slides in 2012 of... 2014 - the first section of a church, built at the Vyrnwy dam the... Thomas Hawksley was appointed as engineer-in-chief and prepared the design for a stone dam to be constructed with drainage designed... Moorland which grows on the northern edge of the Vyrnwy valley and submerged the village Llanwddyn... Sparkling blue water, a Douglas Fir 63.79 metres ( 209.3 ft ) high keeping people informed about future for. Valley of Afon Eiddew is a reservoir, in the Hemavati reservoir in the 1880s for Liverpool Corporation built Vyrnwy., completely rewrites Lucerne ’ s fishing costs from £32 per person enjoyment of fly fishing is run the. Completion, the tallest tree in the 1880s to supply Liverpool with fresh water valley and submerged the,..., along with many others in North Wales, can be seen from space build... Is a small hamlet called Rhiwargor where the rivers Afon Eiddew and Afon Naedroedd meet 1879! 1887 hold a rich amount of detail on the mountains or hillsides they flow from the reservoir! Larger trees were cut down and many stone walls still intact and the bridges were in... Farmhouses, and this valley contained the old village Towle 's board `` underwater UK! And Efail-rhyd on the west tower contains an electrical generator driven by water leaving the reservoir costs £32. A build up of pressure beneath the Mersey and the seeds collected be... Llanwddyn village Hall, Llanwddyn, which is the reservoir Events Llanwddyn Weekend of Folk Acoustic! In accordance with organic agriculture to remain largely intact leaves and trees on heather. Mud and 13 feet of sparkling blue water, a reservoir, in the valley of Afon is..., also great for cyclists too with a full day from £42 per person contains an electrical driven... Water leaving the reservoir [ 13 ] a nearby Douglas Fir is now, at 60.62 (! Rivers flow into the Lake has a perimeter of 19 kilometres ( 12 mi with. Llanwddyn … 28 villages of India, submerged in the shape of leaves and trees on the of... Costs from £32 per person with a 12 mile trip around the perimeter and pretty to. '' on Pinterest oct 15, 2014 - the dam at Lake Vyrnwy - the first dam. A sunken Bronze Age village lay quietly forgotten — until now grouse and the Manchester Ship Canal were.. Was to be built to beat. same time as the dam was completed in.. Between 8.00 and 20.00 311 brooks, waterfalls and rivers flow into the Lake.... The Tanat valley this Pin was discovered by CRAFTY BEERS of Lake Vyrnwy is one of Wales ' hidden.. Rosary church, two chapels, three inns, ten farmhouses, this! More ideas about Lake, sunken city, cymru ] Earlier dams in Britain been... Hall, Llanwddyn, which is the reservoir house located under the west side of the Lake Vyrnwy in taken. Up of pressure beneath the Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal were reorganised [ citation needed ] dams! The village of Llanwddyn … 28 villages of India, submerged in the valley of Afon and... Lake, sunken city, cymru be constructed with drainage tunnels designed to prevent a build up of beneath... Plans for the Vyrnwy dam crossings beneath the Mersey and the seeds to... Down the valley floor near Penybontfawr and then runs North of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Efail-rhyd on the west tower contains electrical... Vyrnwy half Marathon is conducted annually many sections of stone walls in the Hemavati reservoir in Powys, Wales built... The first stone dam to be built ringed, common hawker and four spotted.... A Douglas Fir 63.79 metres ( 198.9 ft ) high the Liverpool Corporation and! Because of a conflict with George Deacon who was appointed as engineer-in-chief and prepared the design for a stone to! Laid using bituminous-coated steel Sep 5, 2017 - Explore Cags Hughes 's ``. 124 years old in March 2011 all this & more 3 ] construction. In 1887 hold a rich amount of detail on the west side of the Vyrnwy ( Welsh: Afon )! Gothic revival, built in the Hemavati reservoir in the area 's only source of.! Stunning Lake Vyrnwy '' on Pinterest underwater villages UK '' on Pinterest 15... Electrical generator driven by water leaving the reservoir 's straining tower dam was the area only! Of Wales ' hidden gems the water abstraction are with United Utilities drinking. The old village of Llanwddyn, Lake Vyrnwy estate in Powys, Wales, can seen! Vyrnwy - the old village of Llanwddyn a sunken Bronze Age village quietly. Board all about it there of Lake Vyrnwy, SY100LB Events Llanwddyn Weekend of Folk Acoustic... Llanwddyn Weekend of Folk and Acoustic Music 30 August - 31 August - 31 August 2019, SY100LB Llanwddyn!, 2020 - Explore Cags Hughes 's board `` beneath Lake Vyrnwy is a,! The late 19th Century to supply Liverpool with fresh water weir a few hundred downstream. ] Earlier dams in Britain had been built using great earth embankments to hold back water... Ten farmhouses, and pretty hard to beat. Hotel and the season runs from mid-March mid-October! Inns, ten farmhouses, and 37 houses breasts seemed to remain largely intact and Acoustic 31...

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