A total of five sub-events occurred in the first eleven seconds and an aftershock measuring 5.8 (local magnitude) occurred four minutes and twenty seconds later. [16], December 1988 earthquake in Armenian SSR, USSR, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia), Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1, "Still Recovering: A visit to the 1988 "center of the epicenter, "Soviet aides say deaths in quake may reach 50,000", "Сколько на самом деле погибло людей в результате спитакского землетрясения? Nine crew and 69 military personnel were on board the plane that struck a helicopter in foggy conditions at the small airport that was overrun with rescue flights. Author and professor of geopolitics Pierre Verluise detailed in his 1995 book Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake, how a French doctor and director of a Leninakan hospital described that he had seen one hundred victims suffering from the syndrome each day during the first three days. [15], Waveform modeling established that the faulting originated at a depth of 5 km (3.1 mi) with the epicenter on the Alavar thrust fault on the slopes of the Lesser Caucasus mountains north of Mount Aragats. Despite the tensions of the Cold War, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev formally asked the United States for humanitarian help within a few days of the earthquake, the first such request since the late 1940s. While transporting some of these supplies to the region, a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel and a transport plane from Yugoslavia were both destroyed in separate incidents. [9], A team of earthquake and engineering experts from the United States spent a period of time in Armenia in December 1988 and January 1989. Most bridges and tunnels and other public infrastructure withstood the earthquake but hospitals did not fare well. Officials in Moscow Saturday put the death toll from the Wednesday earthquake at 45,000, but Armenian government spokesman Vartan Vaskanyana said … The range is situated along an active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps in southern Europe to the Himalayas in Asia. ... of the 1988 earthquake. The soviet geophysicists detonated 100 kilograms of TNT in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s. On October 17, 1989, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit the San Francisco Bay Area, killing 67 people and causing more than $5 billion in damages. The massive Armenian earthquake of 1988 was another one of these great tragedies. In 1988, a catastrophic earthquake struck Northern Armenia. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. Most collapsed, killing two-thirds of their doctors, destroying equipment and medicine, and reducing the capacity to handle the critical medical needs in the region. The negative effect the earthquake had on the economy of Armenia was apparent. Mkhitarian said that 130 factories were destroyed and 170,000 people were out of work. Though the recurrence of seismic events in Armenia does not reach the high frequency that is seen in other segments of this zone, rapid crustal deformation there is associated with active thrust faulting and volcanic activity. We need foreign assistance--and there is no doubt about that--but our friends do not know the local conditions and propose things that cannot or should not be built in an earthquake-prone region. The massive Armenian earthquake of 1988 was another one of these great tragedies - It occured on December 7, 1988, in the dead of winter. Many case histories pertaining to liquefaction in sandy soil exist, but few exist with respect to gravel and gravelly sands. For many years following World War II the Soviets practiced a methodical top-down approach to urban planning and building, constructing a large number of uniformly built row style apartment units, and the Soviets plan for rebuilding Spitak did not diverge from that approach. While foreign doctors did assist with the Chernobyl incident, the Soviet relief effort after the earthquake was augmented by the largest foreign cooperation since World War II. The destruction resulted in significant death toll, building and infrastructure destroyed, and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. Private donations from the United States were also significant. [34] Rock Aid Armenia, also known in earlier stages as Live Aid Armenia, was a humanitarian effort by the British music industry to raise money to help those affected by the earthquake. In pictures: 25th anniversary of Armenian earthquake, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=1988_Armenian_earthquake&oldid=3409978, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. This article now says 25,000 but "The worlds greatest disasters" 1990 ISBN 1851522131 1992 edition p28 says that "the official [Armenian] death toll was 55,000 but unofficial estimates were nearer 100,000". The two tremors, only minutes … Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the Spitak event, including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture mechanisms and were on site setting up temporary seismometers before the end of 1988. [27], Buildings and other structures were extensively damaged during the earthquake, but roadways and railways also experienced disturbances. Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the Spitak event, including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture mechanisms, and were on-site setting up temporary seismometers before the end of 1988. In support of the relief effort, recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake. [9], The world responded rapidly to the disaster in Leninakan and Spitak, with much of Europe sending cargo aircraft loaded with medical supplies, rescue equipment, and trained personnel to assist in the recovery, and even more reinforcement came in from Latin America and the Far East. [32], A second air transport incident occurred the following day at Yerevan (capital of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) when an Antonov An-12 from Yugoslavia crashed, killing all seven crew on board. "[17], Many buildings did not hold up to the shaking of the earthquake and those that did collapse often lacked any survival space, but lack of effective medical care and poor planning also contributed to the substantial scope of the disaster. Twelve days after the mainshock a French-Soviet team installed a temporary seismic network in the epicentral area to record aftershock activity (a separate expedition from the United States also visited the site). Yes huge discrepancies. Between 25,000 and 100,000 people are estimated to have died, upwards of 130,000 were injured, and half a million people were rendered homeless. The daily newspaper Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya noted that there were families living out in the open even while there was an abundance of tents available. Preview and Introduction Dan Rather (New York City) ... USSR reported declaring tomorrow as national day of mourning for Armenian earthquake victims; unconfirmed death toll given. [18], The Soviet news media and government officials soon began to discuss the apparent substandard construction styles that had caused so many of Armenia's buildings to collapse. The unrest and the opposition movement began in September 1988 with negotiations between the Karabakh Committee and Gorbachev taking place throughout most of 1989. In Leninakan there was a need for 18 new hospitals, 12 of which could be funded with the assistance of the republics of the Soviet Union, but foreign help would be required to build six additional facilities. While transporting some of these supplies to the region, a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel, and a transport plane from Yugoslavia, were both destroyed in separate incidents. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. The entire local medical infrastructure was significantly damaged. Two earthquakes hit Armenia on December 7, 1988, killing 60,000 people and destroying nearly half a million buildings. [36], As of July 1989 about $500 million in donations had been delivered to the Armenians from 113 countries. EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE, THE ARMENIAN SSR, DECEMBER 7, 1988. Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured. Demolition has begun. At the Yerevan airport, western pilots reported a breakdown in air traffic control communications, with flight controllers not delivering the necessary flight navigation instructions, allowing for a critical lack of separation as foreign planes made their way into the area. With the effects of the quake felt across the… Armenian Earthquake Memorial at the Red Cross Bldg in Washington, D.C. [31], Seventy-eight people were killed while on a relief mission to Leninakan when a Soviet Ilyushin Il-76 crashed on approach to the airport there. The 10-magnitude quake struck on December 7, 1988, at 11.41 am and affected more than 300 Armenian settlements. [14] During the earthquake, the northeast-facing side of the Spitak section rode up and over the southwest-facing side. What factor was most responsible for the difference in the death toll? The paper also stated that too many Soviet personnel were giving advice and not enough people were actually searching. The group, including a structural engineer who specialized in seismic-resistant designs, agreed that building inadequacies were the primary reason why the strong (but not huge) earthquake was so damaging, although the freezing temperatures also played a role in the unusually high death toll. A Father's Promise An All-Creatures Spiritual Archives Story from All-Creatures.org A Father's Promise. Leonid Bibin, deputy chairman of the state-building committee, stated that many newer homes collapsed as well and that he was beginning an investigation into the matter and that criminal charges would be brought. [6][16], Some of the strongest shakings occurred in industrial areas with chemical and food processing plants, electrical substations, and power plants. Deputy chairman of a city building and architecture council said that updated building codes like those in the United States were being drafted (along with a strict requirement that the new protocols be respected) and that the new buildings would be no taller than four stories and would be located away from areas with the highest seismic risk. Most of those funds went into the initial relief work and medical care plus the beginning portion of the rebuilding phase. One hundred and thirteen countries sent substantial amounts of humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union in the form of rescue equipment, search teams and medical supplies, but private donations and assistance from non-governmental organizations also had a large part of the international effort. The crash was blamed on the pilots' failure to properly adjust the altimeter following a miscommunication with the air traffic controllers.[34]. At the time, the population was around 200,000, of which there were an estimated 15,000-17,000 fatalities. Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak. As the 25th anniversary of the Armenian Earthquake approaches, she offers us a story of disaster and relief at the end of the Cold War. [15], The three cities closest to the fault rupture experienced different levels of damage. 25,000 people were killed, while 140,000 more were injured. [9], A team of earthquake and engineering experts from the United States spent a period of time in Armenia in December 1988 and January 1989. Most of those funds went into the initial relief work and medical care plus the beginning portion of the rebuilding phase. Half of those funds were from World Vision International, a California-based relief and development umbrella organization and the other half were his own personal donation. The range is situated along an active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps in southern Europe to the Himalayas in Asia. The Soviets had modified their construction style to accommodate the known seismic risk in the area, but they acknowledged to the team that many of the buildings were not built to withstand an earthquake of that magnitude. Most bridges and tunnels and other public infrastructure withstood the earthquake but hospitals did not fare well. The Soviets had modified their construction style to accommodate the known seismic risk in the area, but they acknowledged to the team that many of the buildings were not built to withstand an earthquake of that magnitude. At that time 20 projects had completed the planning process and some had been approved and construction started. [25][26] Igor Nesterov, (head of seismology of USSR) said the Leninakan seismic station was destroyed so there was no way of knowing whether it received reports of an earthquake coming its way, although Nesterovs' colleagues later said the station was not able to receive reports because of the lack of instruments it carried. While foreign doctors did assist with the Chernobyl incident, the Soviet relief effort after the earthquake was augmented by the largest foreign cooperation since World War II. Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 668: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. A song was produced by a duo of French composers (including Charles Aznavour) and a studio album that featured songs donated by mainstream rock bands was released from the Rock Aid Armenia effort by the British music industry. [13] During the earthquake, the northeast-facing side of the Spitak section rode up and over the southwest-facing side. [28], Three locations between Spitak and Nalband (to the west) that were within several kilometers of the fault were examined for ground disturbances and each site was scrutinized for the effects of liquefaction. [11][13], The source of the event was a fault rupture 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of the Caucasus Mountains, a mountain range that has been produced by the convergence of the Arabian and the Eurasian tectonic plates. The complex incident ruptured multiple faults, with a strike-slip event occurring shortly after the initiation of the mainshock. Report introduced. The earthquake occurred at 11:41 AM when most people were indoors. Their injuries were minor, but one person did suffer a broken arm. The earthquake occurred at 11:41 AM when most people were indoors. The seismicity along this belt is marked by frequent major earthquakes from the Aegean Sea, through Turkey and Iran, and into Afghanistan. 4© International Epidemiological Association 1997 Printed in Great BritainDeaths and Injuries due to theEarthquake in Armenia:A Cohort ApproachHAROUTUNE K ARMENIAN,* ARTHUR MELKONIAN,** ERIC K NOJI† AND ASHOT P HOVANESIAN**Armenian H K … Aznavour, together with Armenian-French composer Georges Garvarentz, formed a foundation called "Aznavour for Armenia" and composed the song as a call for help for the Armenians. [6][15], Some of the strongest shaking occurred in industrial areas with chemical and food processing plants, electrical substations, and power plants. In 1988, a Mw 6.9 earthquake hit Armenia and killed 25,000 people, whereas several months later, a Mw 7.1 earthquake shook the San Francisco area and only killed 62. The new plan would deviate from Soviet styles that were found to be rigid and outdated, and would mirror characteristics of the local culture. At 11.41 am on December 7th 1988 an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter Scale struck the Soviet Republic of Armenia. [30] Nikolai Ryzhkov, the then Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was awarded the National Hero of Armenia for his work in rebuilding the city following the earthquake. The Americans donated generously as well, with Washington dispatching eight official planeloads of official relief aid plus a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter from Italy. [14], Waveform modeling established that the faulting originated at a depth of 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) with the epicenter on the Alavar thrust fault on the slopes of the Lesser Caucasus mountains north of Mount Aragats. Along the western segments, the fault split into two branches with one to the southwest and the other to the northwest. With dramatic new accounts of the Armenian earthquake reaching Moscow, officials said today that the death toll could reach 50,000 and that 400,000 people had been left homeless. Baxter International, an American health care company with headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois, designed and built a flying medical lab set up with 20 dialysis machines to be used with victims suffering from crush syndrome (trauma associated with building collapses), but were unable to get started for four days until the visas were available. Health minister Yevgeniy Chazov urged the creation of a governmental body to assist with disaster management. [15], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Severely damaged masonry buildings in Spitak, A French search and rescue worker searches for buried people with the aid of a detection dog, Mikhail Gorbachev with Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Many case histories pertaining to liquefaction in sandy soil exist, but few exist with respect to gravel and gravelly sands. [27] That deluge of western aid was a byproduct of the disaster that may have had a positive effect on Soviet Union–United States relations. Soviet officials estimated the death toll as being 25,000. Submitted 18 June 1998 by Debra < [email protected] > as a Father's Day offering In 1989 an 8.2 earthquake almost flattened Armenia, killing over 30,000 people in less than four minutes. The soviet geophysicists detonated 100 kilograms of TNT in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s. Note the fragile wall composition built without a supporting frame. In the days following the earthquake, the normally quiet airstrip was receiving up to 180 flights per day carrying food, medical supplies, and disaster management experts. Numerous sand boils were seen in the region northwest of Spitak including within 15 meters (49 ft) of the failed embankment. Descriptive epidemiologic analyses were used to evaluate the impact of age and the degree of damage to dwellings. The first well-documented case of liquefaction in gravelly sands was in regard to the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake in the United States. Adding this toll to the thousands killed in smaller towns nearby, the casualty figure was on a similar scale to the Pakistani disaster, with perhaps 40,000 dead … The Republic of Armenia has had many great tragedies in its long and storied history. The damage to buildings is enormous, however. [35] Rock Aid Armenia, also known in earlier stages as Live Aid Armenia, was a humanitarian effort by the British music industry to raise money to help those affected by the earthquake. As the 25th anniversary of the Armenian Earthquake approaches, she offers us a story of disaster and relief at the end of the Cold War. Following an invitation by the Soviets for a critique of their plan, the American proposal was ultimately accepted as the way forward. Boris Karapetyan, director of earthquake studies at the Yerevan Polytechnical Institute, said of the difficult rebuilding process "Coordination is a major, major problem. The death toll, still being updated, stands currently at 4,005. The entire local medical infrastructure was s … Global COVID-19 death toll up 6% in past week, says WHO. Bush in New York on the day of the earthquake. Many people are beginning to leave Armenia. the extent of human damage that was sus tained. The first site was on the highway that linked the three most damaged cities and was adjacent to a tributary of the Pambak river where the water table was close to the surface. Tony Iommi website. At that time 20 projects had completed the planning process and some had been approved and construction started. Two circumstantial events focused unprecedented world attention on this natural disaster. The Americans donated generously as well, with Washington dispatching eight official planeloads of official relief aid plus a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter from Italy. The shocks at the southeastern segment indicated right-lateral strike-slip movement along a nearly vertical fault and may have been related to the Alavar fault. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. [32] That deluge of western aid was a byproduct of the disaster that may have had a positive effect on Soviet Union–United States relations. The new plan would deviate from Soviet styles that were found to be rigid and outdated and would mirror characteristics of the local culture. Buildings that didn't collapse featured well-maintained masonry and skeletal components that were joined together adequately in a way that allowed for the building to resist seismic waves. 26, No. As this occurred during Soviet times, the death toll was never confirmed, estimates ranging between 25,000 and 55,000, whilst over half a million were made homeless. USSR OFFICIAL SOURCES INDICATE TENTATIVE DEATH TOLL OF EARTHQUAKE (WORST IN REGION SINCE 1046, ACCORDING TO SOVIET SEISMOLOGIST) AT 40 TO 45,000 PEOPLE. Beginning with late 1987 the Caucasus region was experiencing a surge in political turmoil with large and near-constant demonstrations being held in the capital of Yerevan beginning in February 1988. A … A dreadful earthquake struck a densely populated region of Armenia on December 7, 1988. [10][12], The source of the event was a fault rupture 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of the Caucasus Mountains, a mountain range that has been produced by the convergence of the Arabian and the Eurasian tectonic plates. The destruction resulted in significant death toll, building and infrastructure destroyed, and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. 1988 Armenian earthquake is located in Armenia, File:1988 Spitak earthquake - Collapse of Floors, Leninakan, Armenia.tif, File:1988 Spitak earthquake - Partial Collapse of Masonry Building, Spitak, Armenia.tif, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia), Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1, "Still Recovering: A visit to the 1988 "center of the epicenter, "Soviet aides say deaths in quake may reach 50,000", "Deaths and Injuries due to the Earthquake in Armenia - A Cohort Approach", International Epidemiological Association, "Lessons and questions emerge from Armenian quake", "Armenia's Metsamor NPP, Built Near Fault Line, Gets 10 Year Life Extension", "Armenia's Nuclear Risk; Antiquated Power Station to Be Reopened Despite Wide Concerns About Safety", "6 Found Alive in Armenia 35 Days After Quake", "Soviet Relief Plane Crashes, Killing 78", "Soviet Union: When the Earth Shook – A killer quake devastates Armenia, and the West responds with unprecedented aid", "Russia 'Concerned' About Armenian Protests Of Foreign-Language Schools", "Yugoslav Pilots Blamed in Crash of Quake Relief Plane", "Story of Charles Aznavour's "For you Armenia, "Faucets, Not Hospitals : Armenia Aid Gets Back to the Basics", "In Armenia, Revival the American Way; U.S. Architects Plan an Earthquake-Resistant Spitak", "Out of Earthquake's Rubble Rises Soviet-U.S. Teamwork", "The Spitak (Armenia) earthquake of 7 December 1988: field observations, seismology and tectonics", "Geometry, segmentation and stress regime of the Spitak (Armenia) earthquake from the analysis of the aftershock sequence", "Earthquake of 7 December 1988, Spitak, Armenia report of the NZNSEE team visit of 1989", "Liquefaction and Embankment Failure Case Histories, 1988 Armenia Earthquake", "American critical care team at foreign disaster: The Armenian experience", Earthquake Damage, the Armenian SSR, December 7, 1988, On this day – 1988: Death toll rises in Armenian earthquake, Rescue efforts underway after earthquake strikes the Soviet republic of Armenia. Gorbachev, in a TV interview several weeks after his expedited return from New York City, said that the concrete blocks had been built with more than enough sand but too little concrete, and suggested that the concrete had been stolen. In order to prevent kidney failure or death, the treatment requires prompt hospitalization, and according to the doctor, the victims were not receiving adequate medication and dialysis and, as a result, most died before the arrival of the first foreign dialysis machines were accessible. Rod57 (talk) 01:09, 28 March 2011 (UTC) Earthquake engineering experts scrutinized building construction styles and found fault in the poorly constructed apartments and other buildings that were built during the Era of Stagnation under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev. By December 1995, the earthquake-related death and casualty toll numbered 6,308 deceased and 43,117 wounded. The east-central segment coincided with the surface breaks between Spitak and Gekhasar, while the west-central portion's break was concealed under an anticline and was not visible at the surface. Armenian earthquake of 1988 to a just completed hospital in the model city of Stepanavan, Armenia. [26], The instrumentation included ten smoked paper analog seismometers that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. major contributor to the high death toll in this earth-quake. A number of the smaller outlying villages away from the larger population centers were also severely affected. The dam aged buildings, left standing after the first The first site was on the highway that linked the three most damaged cities and was adjacent to a tributary of the Pambak river where the water table was close to the surface. Of Spitak including within 15 meters ( 49 ft ) of the earthquake and a factor. 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