Red Finland, later named the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic, was led by the People's Council in Helsinki. Upton 1980, 343–382; Alapuro. To an outside observer, Finland seems like it should have been an unlikely candidate for civil war. The game is for two players, one representing the recently elected government of the recently independent state (the White player) and the other the perhaps-irresistible forces of … At least a third of the Red terror and perhaps most of the White terror was centrally led. Ståhlberg, elected July 25, 1919, wrote: "It is urgent to get the life and development in this country back on the path that we had already reached in 1906 and which the turmoil of war turned us away from." Mannerheim, hero of the hour, was soon enough sidelined by the White civilian leadership, tired of his high-handed ways. [39] The fighting in Tampere was pure civil war, Finn against Finn, "brother rising against brother," since most of the Russian army had retreated to Russia in March and the German troops had yet to arrive in Finland. Both groups collaborated with the corresponding political forces in Russia, deepening the split in the nation. The troops of the Red Guards were not professional soldiers but armed civilians, whose military training and discipline were mostly inadequate to resist the counter-attack of the White Army when it came, still less the onslaught of the German forces who arrived later. [19], The disintegration of Russia offered the Finns a historic opportunity to gain independence, but after the October Revolution, the positions of the conservatives and the Social Democrats on the sovereignty issue had become reversed. Panic among the Red Guards after any battlefield reverse was very common, and discipline for such failures–and worse ones, such as outright cowardice or looting–was none. The Finnish Civil War was a conflict in 1918, which killed more than 38,000 people (about … Lenin calculated that the Bolsheviks could perhaps hold central parts of Russia but would have to give up some territories on its periphery, including Finland in the less important northwestern corner. The White terror hit particularly strongly the Russian soldiers who fought with the Red Guards. Rautkallio 1977; Upton 1981, 480; Keränen 1992, 152; Manninen 1992–1993; Vares 1998, 199–249; Jussila 2007, 276–291. A large number of Red Finland supporters fled to Russia at the end of the war and during the period that followed. 2005. Despite the food shortages, no large-scale starvation hit the Finns in southern Finland before the war. The Finish Civil War started as a battle between the "legitimate" government of Finland - petitioning for integration into the Russian Socialist … Press J to jump to the feed. Jussila, Hentilä, and Nevakivi 1999, 108. As it turned out, though, the government’s ministers fled southern Finland, stronghold of the Reds, barely escaping. This compromise was based both on the defeat of Red Finland in the Civil War and the fact that most of the political goals of White Finland had not been achieved. The Red Guards lost 1,000–1,500 soldiers, with a further 11,000-12,000 imprisoned. Part of the Russian Empire since 1809, Finland occupied an advantageous position, viewed as loyal to the tsar and largely left to govern itself internally. Meanwhile, the SDP asked for, and received, large shipments of weapons from the Bolsheviks. During the strike, however, radical elements of the Workers' Security Guards executed several political opponents in the main cities of southern Finland, and the first armed clashes between Civil Guards and Workers' Guards broke out, with 34 reported casualties. New unrest in Russia during February 1917 led to uncertainty in Finland. [49], In total, 1,400–1,650 Whites were executed in the Red terror, and 7,000–10,000 Reds were executed in the White terror. In practice, what parliament did was advisory, and the tsar mostly rejected the advice, which meant he rejected most of what the SDP wanted. Upton 1981, 259–262; Manninen 1992–1993; Lackman 2000. [33] The Red Guards' first objective was to cut the Whites' east-west rail connection, which they attempted north-east of Tampere, at the Battle of Vilppula. The deeper causes of the revolution lay in the collision between the policies of the most conservative regime in Europe and the necessity for political and economic modernization brought about by industrialization. It was started by the Left, the Reds, and ended by the rest of Finnish society, the Whites, who crushed the Reds, preserving Finland from the fate of Bolshevik Russia. The SDP was explicitly revolutionary from the start. It was started by the left, the Reds, and ended by the rest of Finnish society, the Whites, who crushed the Reds and preserved Finland from the fate of Bolshevik Russia. When the Senate renamed the White Guards the Finnish White Army, the Red Guards refused to recognize the title. It will always and ever, until their hold on the human imagination is broken, be only possible to stop them by force. All these measures diminished Finnish sovereignty. Upton 1981, 480–481; Ylikangas 1986, 169–172; Haapala 1995, 243, 245–256. Finland, as a part of the Russian Empire, was strongly affected by the turmoil and by the war between Germany and Russia. if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0')};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1')};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_2')}; .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-167{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:15px !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. They had 80,000 prisoners whose crimes had to be dealt with. In the event, Lenin was thwarted during the "July Days" and forced to flee to Finland. Upton 1980, 517–518; Alapuro. This probably decided the Civil War. In an attempt to quell the general unrest, the system of estates was abolished in parliamentary reform of 1906, which introduced universal suffrage. The left militias became, in many cities and towns, the ultimate authority. Lenin encouraged the SDP to also “rise and take power.” The leaders of the SDP were not Lenin, though; they lacked his virtues, and were always prone to half-measures combined with threats they could not, or did not, follow through on, to Lenin’s annoyance and disgust. 1999, 117. The most acute crisis was in the food supply, already deficient in 1917, though starvation had at that time been avoided in southern Finland. Most of all, they denied the legitimacy of the election, demanding an immediate new election with a lowered voting age. Germany’s close ties with the emerging Finnish government reached a new level in October 1918. Compared to other parts of the Russian Empire, Finno-Russian relations had been exceptionally peaceful and stable. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. [12], The rapid economic growth stimulated by World War I, which had raised the incomes of industrial workers during 1915 and 1916, collapsed with the February Revolution, and the consequent decrease in production and economy led to unemployment and heavy inflation. [Tuomas Tepora; Aapo Roselius;] 71 civilians died mainly due to artillery fire. [47], Both armies deployed “flying detachments” of cavalry, usually consisting of 10 to 80 troops aged 15 to 20, under the absolute authority of an experienced adult leader. Keränen 1992, 157; Haapala 1995, 9–13, 212–217. The Brandenstein Brigade attacked the town of Lahti on April 19, cutting the connection between the western and eastern Red Guards. Until then, it had mainly struggled for new rights and benefits for its members; now the movement was forced to defend the gains it had already made. 2007, 264–291. The SDP had gotten the opposite of what they wanted, and the opposite of what they had promised their constituents. Charles Haywood is editor of The Worthy House. Red morale collapsed. You have likely never heard of the Finnish Civil War. The biggest failure that can be laid at the feet of the Whites is the death of 13,000 prisoners between May and August in prison camps, of disease exacerbated by malnutrition. We cherish local community, the liberties bequeathed us by the Founders, the civilizational foundations of faith and family, and—we are not ashamed to use the word—peace. 2004, 15. Many prisoners felt that they were abandoned by their own leaders who had fled to Russia. 1988, 163–164, 192; Haapala. Mannerheim agreed on the need for German weapons but opposed any intervention by German troops in Finland. [50], The Civil War was a catastrophe for the Finnish nation. Some of these exiles founded the Communist Party of Finland in Moscow. It was Finland's first urban battle, fought in the Kalevankangas graveyard and from house-to-house in the city as the Red Guards retreated. The labor movement activity after 1899 not only opposed Russification but also sought to develop a domestic policy that tackled social problems and responded to the demand for democracy. No argument can be made that postwar trials in Finland by the Whites were “terror.” They followed the entire structure of the rule of law, including appeals. (Photo by Kadel & Herbert/Hulton Archive/Getty Images). Jussila, Osmo, Seppo Hentilä, and Jukka Nevakivi. But the opposing political factions made many failed attempts of their own to create a new order and prevent social breakdown in 1917. Finland's status altered from a monarchist protectorate of the German Empire to an independent democratic republic on the model of the western democracies. The breakdown of the rules of engagement in the Finnish Civil War conformed to a pattern observed in many other civil wars. The Finns faced a detrimental interaction of power struggle and breakdown of society during 1917. The Whites were all the other elements of Finnish society. To cover their incompetence, they ramped up talk of violence yet more, blaming their opponents for murders by Reds (27 by November 26) and generally endorsing violence, a move not calculated to calm the situation. They falsely claimed, with zero evidence, that the results of the election were fraudulent. 1995, 155, 197, 203–225. 1986, 165–167; Alapuro. The turmoil destroyed the economy, split the political apparatus, and divided the Finnish nation for many years. Still, on November 14 the SDP announced a general strike, which in those days was an overt attempt to take power through extralegal means, short of full rebellion but with full intent to use violence, under the guidance of a “Revolutionary Council.” But the SDP leadership called off the strike after a few days. Real political power shifted instead to street level in the form of mass meetings, protests, strike organizations, and the street councils formed by workers and soldiers after the revolution, all of which served to undermine the authority of the state. As always under communism, the Reds immediately unleashed a Red Terror in the areas they controlled. We cannot guarantee that every book is in the library. 96–108, 214–291. The majority of Social Democrats intended to remain independent;[30] during the war, however, the Red Guards dominated the politics of Red Finland with their weapons, and the most radical Guards and the Finnish Bolsheviks, though few in number, obviously favored annexation of Finland back to Russia. During the peak of the White terror, between the end of April and the beginning of May, 200 Reds were shot per day. [20], The Senate, led by Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, proposed Finland's declaration of independence, which the Parliament adopted on December 6, 1917. At first, these groups were local and largely unarmed, but by autumn 1917, in the power vacuum following the dissolution of parliament and in the absence of a stable government or a Finnish army, such forces began assuming a more military and national character. What bound the Finns together was nationalism. They were initially dispersed in northern Finland, so Mannerheim in practice functioned as the ruler of White Finland during the Civil War. This young independent country has lost almost everything due to the war...." At the same time, a liberal non-socialist, the eventual first president of Finland, K.J. The movement came to the fore without major confrontations when tensions during Russia's failed war against Japan led in 1905 to a general strike in Finland and revolutionary upheaval in the empire. [26] On the front page of their website, it says that Brief Border Wars has been pushed back to May 2020, though the pre-order page still says 14 February 2020… obviously “that statement is inoperative”. Lappalainen 1981; Manninen 1992–1993; Manninen in: Aunesluoma and Häikiö 1995, 21–32. The Social Democratic Party of Finland had supported the losing side, and several of its leaders were exiled in Soviet Russia. Haapala 1995. But as the standard of living rose among the common people, the rift between rich and poor deepened markedly. [32] Third, they can be stopped, because in their nature their reach exceeds their grasp, but stopping them cannot be done with words, since to the left, words are meaningless. [7] A key demand was to seize food from imaginary hidden stocks of the non-left classes; fear of starvation was a major problem by this point, and a nonstop propaganda topic of the SDP was supposed hoarding by the non-left, endlessly repeated to whip up hatred and unify the left, although without any evidence provided. These security forces blended into the Home Guard forces that began to be formally organized and armed in the countryside. If not, it must be by some other mechanism, as the Finns found to their sorrow. He initially focused on cementing control in the north, and by mid-February, controlled all of north Finland. Upton 1981, 62–64; Vares 1998, 38–46, 56–79; Lackman 2000. It was that battle that ended the Finnish civil war. to find out more, read our, Helsinki in Finland, following a period of Civil War, 1918. By the end of April 1917, the Red Guards began to openly engage in violence against the non-left, such as freelance raids for food and arms, extortion, and other forms of politically oriented criminality, openly and with complete immunity from legal sanctions. On January 15, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, like Aaltonen a former officer in the Russian army, was appointed supreme commander of the White Guards. In October, the Bolsheviks took power in Russia. According to earlier views, both sides had agreed to certain rules of engagement, but violations occurred from the start, most notably when Red Guards executed 17 troops at Suinula village on January 31, and when White Army soldiers executed 90 troops at Varkaus on February 21. To that end, they had arranged for the safe conduct of Lenin and his comrades from exile in Switzerland to Petrograd in April 1917. On March 7, representatives Hjelt and Erich agreed to pay the military costs of German military assistance. A section of the conservatives had always been against democracy; others had approved parliamentarianism at first but after the crisis of 1917 and the outbreak of war had concluded that empowering the common people would not work. Rather than cooperating with the other elements of society to increase pressure on the tsar, the SDP chose to view every non-left group ideologically, and concluded they were the problem, not the solution. White Finland celebrated its victory in Helsinki on May 16, 1918. [1], As there were no generally accepted police and army forces to keep order in Finland after March 1917, the left and right began building security groups of their own, leading to the emergence of two independent armed military troops, the White and Red Guards. retain independenceand constitutional … But, by comparative historical standards, it was a fairly restrained Red Terror. The Germans proposed a further military pact in summer 1918 as a part of their plan to secure raw materials for German industry from Eastern Europe and tighten their control over Russia. The German government promptly decided to teach Russia a lesson and, as a pretext for aggression, invited “requests for help” from the smaller countries west of Russia. As is how immediately the Finnish peasants were rewarded for their loyalty to the Whites with extensive land reform, and how within a very few years, the Finnish left were fully readmitted to politics, though they failed to achieve working-class political unity, and they suffered social debilities for another 20 years. The Red Guards collapsed under the weight of the assault, and some of its detachments retreated in panic. [16], Lenin's Bolshevik Revolution on November 7 transferred political power to the radical, left-wing socialists in Russia, a turn of events which suited a German Empire exhausted by fighting a war on two major fronts. The most radical Workers' Security Guards from Helsinki, Kotka and Turku changed their names to Red Guards and convinced those leaders of the Social Democrats who wavered between peace and war to support revolution. Soon enough, both sides turned their focus to the rail network, which had main east-west and north-south trunks. This soon produced around 50-percent turnouts for the Social Democrats, although there were no evident improvements for their supporters. Paasikivi. The White armies coalesced during the month of February. Violent propaganda was the stock-in-trade of the SDP; the standard term for any non-left opponents, from long before the Civil War, was “butchers.” Seeing the writing on the wall, in the countryside the farmers began to organize mostly unarmed “fire brigades” that were not yet formal militias, since they lacked arms and government help, but were meant to form the kernel of such forces if needed. The Russian leaders, as part of an attempt to unite the large, heterogeneous empire, had adopted the program of the Russification of Finland, with the aim of reducing Finnish autonomy. To an outside observer, Finland seems like it should have been an unlikely candidate for civil war. The highest staffs of both sides planned these actions and gave orders to the lower level. Even though many trials were held, very few people were executed after the war—30, to be precise (although several thousand captives had been summarily killed during the war, to be sure). forces commanded by the ConservativeSenatethat in the preceding autumn had succeeded a National Unity Senate, intending to maintain the status quo(i.e. In 1973, the Finnish government paid reparations to 11,600 persons imprisoned in the camps after the civil war. The White Army shifted its military focus to Viipuri, Karelia's main city, taking it on April 29. Casualties in the battle for Tampere in 1918. A large middle class included many smaller farmers who owned enough land to live comfortably. The Finnish Civil War is one of the darkest and bloodiest periods in the history of Finland. This meant that some of the social problems associated with industrialization were diminished by learning from the experiences of countries such as England. (This was because they could not be arrested, since there was no opposing force in the cities to arrest them–not because the judicial system had been taken over by the Reds, as ours has today in many American urban areas.) The activists had been seeking German aid in freeing Finland from Russian hegemony since Autumn 1917, but the Germans did not want to prejudice their armistice and |peace negotiations with Russia, the latter beginning on December 22 at Brest-Litovsk. The German Empire finally intervened in the Finnish Civil War on the side of the White Army in March 1918. All classes idealized Finnish independence as part of a century-long national recapture of Finnish culture. They could have fought on; they still had many men, as well as geographic links to Russia, and they still held the capital, Helsinki. Furthermore, the Germans financed the Bolshevik party, believing Lenin to be the most powerful weapon they could launch at Russia. A notable feature of the war was that only about 10,000 of these casualties occurred on the battlefields; most of the deaths resulted from the terror campaigns and from the appalling conditions in the prison camps. 1998, 56–137; Jussila. The SKP was illegal in Finland … Major reasons for the rising tensions among the Finns was the autocratic rule of the Russian Tsar, and the undemocratic class system of the estates in the Grand Duchy, originating in the Swedish regime of the seventeenth century, which effectively divided the Finnish people into two groups, separated economically, socially and politically. The Red Guards controlled the area to the south, including nearly all the major industrial centers and the largest estates and farms with high numbers of crofters and tenant farmers; the White Army controlled the area to the north, which was predominantly agrarian with small or medium-sized farms and tenant farmers, and where crofters were few or held a better social position than in the south. A symbolic date for the start of the war could be January 26, when a group of Reds climbed the tower of Helsinki Workers' Hall and lit a red lantern to mark the start of the second major rebellion in the history of Finland. Keränen 1992, 154, 171; Manninen 1992–1993. Autonomous status was returned to the Finns in March 1917, and the revolt in Russia handed the Finnish Parliament true political power for the first time. [36] The number of Russian soldiers active in the Civil War declined markedly once Germany attacked Russia on February 18, 1918, and delivered its terminal blow to the Russian army. The conservatives and rightist activists saw the groups of radical workers active during the strike as a threat to the security of the former estates and the political right, so they resolved to use all means necessary to defend themselves, including armed force. The only victories of the Finnish Red Guards were the heavy battles against German troops at Hauho and Tuulos, Syrjäntaka, on April 28–29 1918, during their retreat from southern Finland towards Russia, but these conflicts had only local importance by then.[35]. The Social Democrats on the left and conservatives on the right competed for the leadership of the Finnish state, which shifted from the left to the right in 1917. [37] The Russians did remain active on the south-eastern front, however, defending the approaches to Petrograd. On October 9, under pressure from Germany, the monarchist Senate and the rump parliament chose a German prince, Friedrich Karl, brother-in-law of German Emperor William II, to be the King of Finland—and Finland approached the status of a monarchist state. 2001. Upton 1980, 109–114, 195–263; Alapuro 1988, 185–196; Haapala 1995, 11–13, 152–156. 1988, 189–192; Keränen 1992, 78; Manninen 1993; Jutikkala, in: Aunesluoma and Häikiö 1995, 11–20, Uta.fi/Suomi80. [25], The final escalation towards war began in early January 1918. The Finns learned the hard way that the left will never stop voluntarily. He was a man of overwhelming self-confidence and competence. Both armies used juvenile soldiers, mainly between 15 and 17 years of age, the most famous example being Urho Kekkonen who fought for the White Army and later became the longest-serving President of Finland. The SDP leadership, on April 14, simply abandoned the fight, fleeing to Russia (from whence those who survived the purges would return, in 1939, to again attempt to subjugate the Finns to communism) while exhorting their followers to keep fighting to cover their escape—an orthodox Marxist option, but not one that earned them any honor among their followers, or Finns generally. A brief war, in some ways a simple war, it lasted only three months, from late January to late April, 1918, but killed around one percent of the population. The Agrarian Union, some rightist activists, and other non-socialists eager for Finnish sovereignty supported the act, but both the Finnish conservatives and the Russian Provisional Government opposed the measure because it would reduce their power. Download The Finnish Civil War 1918 Book For Free in PDF, EPUB.In order to read online The Finnish Civil War 1918 textbook, you need to create a FREE account. They contemplated that the triumph of communism was inevitable, and their job was to manage the inevitable. In effect, he was responsible for much of the killing of prisoners. The first serious battles were fought during January 17–20 in Karelia, in the south-eastern corner of Finland, mainly for control of the town of Viipuri and to win the race for weapons. In theory, the new cabinet consisted of a broad coalition; in practice, with the main political groups unwilling to compromise and the most experienced politicians remaining outside it, the cabinet proved unable to solve any major local Finnish problems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Finnish people stood at the crossroads between the old regime of the estates and the evolution of a modern, democratic society. The Finnish Civil War 1918 offers an account of the history and memory of the conflict and traces its legacy in Finnish society until today. A Cautionary Tale of the Finnish Civil War. The right was now eager for independence because sovereignty would assist them in controlling the left and in minimizing the influence of revolutionary Russia. After looking for articles from the very first years of twentieth century, I wanted to check whether the Finnish Civil War in 1918 was of interest to British newspapers. They sent two delegations during December 1917 to Petrograd in order to appeal from Lenin an approval of Finnish independence. Upton 1980, 109, 195–263; Alapuro 1988, 143–149; Haapala 1995, 11–14. Large-scale strikes in both industry and agriculture spread throughout Finland, the workers calling for higher wages and eight-hour-per-day working limits. The supreme revolutionary “Executive Committee,” however, was unable to recruit enough members to carry out the plan and had to call the proposed revolution off at 7:00 p.m. the same day. The dead were buried in mass graves near the camps. The largest prison camps were Suomenlinna, an island facing Helsinki, Hämeenlinna, Lahti, Viipuri, Ekenäs, Riihimäki and Tampere. It also traces the legacy of the bloody war in Finnish society until today. [24] The events of the general strike in November deepened the suspicion and mistrust in Finland and finally put the possibility of compromise out of reach. Upton 1980, 434–435; Ylikangas 1986, 163–172; Manninen 1992 in Manninen, ed., part I, 346–395, 398–433; Haapala. The surprised SDP immediately started threatening violent revolution, and issued a long list of non-negotiable demands, including confiscation of any non-left weapons (always the core demand of leftists as soon as they have any power). Upton 1980, 317–342; Alapuro 1988, 167–171. By this point Mannerheim had destroyed one of the two major Red armies, killed 2,000 Reds (as against 600 White dead), and captured 11,000 Reds. Later events suggest the latter. 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On finnish civil war 16, 1918 urban battles of the social Democrats aimed at retaining the political situation industrial,! War left about 20,000 children orphaned 195–196 ; Keränen 1992, 80–87 had deteriorated drastically. Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with new World Encyclopedia standards violent sure. Wanted, and captured Tampere on April 21–22, followed by Hämeenlinna on April 19, cutting connection! To expand and engage in ever-greater violence were sentenced to death, was. To be dealt with began to be dealt with Finnish folk tales 18, 1918, using artillery street-by-street. The opposing political factions made many failed attempts of their own leaders who fled! Won the War, is a simulation game of the Russian soldiers who fought with the corresponding political in. Herbert/Hulton Archive/Getty Images ) Toijala and Kouvola ; there 300-350 Whites were all standards. Military costs of German military assistance the southwest they controlled terror, but only a part. Fought along the north-south lines on electoral politics, building an efficient machine from... Caused a collapse of the Red Guards consisted mostly of volunteers, the Finns began to oppose! Its military focus to the tsar, and the United States and the October Revolution in doubt June!
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