The English … Would you like to add a information. Explore the types, procedure, principle and applications of ELISA … Its meaning is "A Short Form Of Elizabeth". Back to “A” NamesBack. In quantitative ELISA, the optical density (OD) of the sample is compared to a standard curve, which is typically a serial dilution of a known-concentration solution of the target molecule. She can be quiet with a person, or loud with a group, but know she isn't sure of what she wants in life. These antibodies remain free upon addition and are washed off during washing. However, the use of a secondary-antibody conjugate avoids the expensive process of creating enzyme-linked antibodies for every antigen one might want to detect. The sample with an unknown amount of antigen is immobilized on a solid support (usually a polystyrene microtiter plate) either non-specifically (via adsorption to the surface) or specifically (via capture by another antibody specific to the same antigen, in a "sandwich" ELISA). Meaning of Elisa Last Name - Surname - Family Name Elisa. [8], As radioactivity poses a potential health threat, a safer alternative was sought. However, the signal has to be associated with the presence of antibody or antigen, which is why the enzyme has to be linked to an appropriate antibody. Send us will publish it for you. [16][17] The major types are described here.[18]. After the final wash step, the plate is developed by adding an enzymatic substrate to produce a visible signal, which indicates the quantity of antigen in the sample. Qualitative results provide a simple positive or negative result (yes or no) for a sample. … (The more antigen in the sample, the more Ag-Ab complexes are formed and so there are less unbound antibodies available to bind to the antigen in the well, hence "competition".). Name: Elisa. E: E's are original people who use their imagination in various ways, in order to chase their ambitious dreams. The less antigen in the sample, the more labeled antigen is retained in the well and the stronger the signal. A sufficient incubation period is provided to allow the antibodies to bind to the antigens. Browse for all the origins, histories, and meanings of Elisa and almost 2,000,000 other surnames. [ 3 syll. in the case of immunization analyses, this antibody is directly detected by the secondary antibody and the term "indirect ELISA" applies to a setting with two antibodies. [2][3] The sensitivity of detection depends on amplification of the signal during the analytic reactions. Elizabeth has been one of the most popular feminine given names over centuries and in various languages and various spellings it has … There are ELISA tests to detect various kind of diseases, such as dengue, malaria, Chagas disease[30], Johne's disease, and others. Other suggested similar-sounding names are Eilise, Eleisha, Elesha, Elga, Elia▲, Elice, Elicia, Elida, Eligia, Elika, Elina▲, Elis, Elish, Elisha, Elisia, Elita, Elka, Ellga, Ellis▲, Ellisha, Elois, Eloise▲, Eloisia, Elsha, Elssa and Elysia. Elisa is a feminine given name. The name Elise is a girl's name of French origin meaning "pledged to God". The major types are described here. Two specific antibodies are used, one conjugated with enzyme and the other present in serum (if serum is positive for the antibody). shavu'ót (plural form) is a Jewish holiday that occurs in the spring, a harvest … Your fine intellect is capable of high honors if applied … Names | Surnames | Submit a Name | Contact us. Elisa▲ is pronounced similarly to Alaisa, Aleesa, Alessa, Alicea, Alisa▼, Alissa▼, Alissah, Allisa, Allisah, Allissa, Allysa, Alysa▼, Alyssa▼, Alyza, Elissia, Eloisa, Elouisa, Elyssia, Ilissa, Ilysa, Ilysah, Ilyssa, Oleesa, Olisa and Ulyssa. is fit name.You can give to your baby with complacency. [2][3] This is in contrast to "dry lab" techniques that use dry strips. The labeled antigen competes for primary antibody binding sites with the sample antigen (unlabeled). Letter Analysis. Alternatively, if the analyte itself is an antibody, its target antigen can be used as the binding reagent. What Does Name "Elisa" Mean You are fine when in harmony but changeable when in discord, because many of your best qualities are then reversed. This device can be a. TMB (3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine) turns blue when detecting HRP and turns yellow after the addition of sulfuric or phosphoric acid. A blue color appears for positive results and red color for negative. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (/ɪˈlaɪzə/, /ˌiːˈlaɪzə/) is a commonly used analytical biochemistry assay, first described by Engvall and Perlmann in 1971. A third use of ELISA is through competitive binding. Short form of Elisabeth Meaning of the name Elisa: Short form of Elizabeth (God is my oath) that is now commonly bestowed as an independent given name. The plate is washed to remove the unbound antibody-enzyme conjugates. ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology, and biotechnology, as well as a quality control check in various industries. Famous People and fact Named Elisa. [9] Since it is necessary to remove any unbound antibody or antigen by washing, the antibody or antigen has to be fixed to the surface of the container; i.e., the immunosorbent must be prepared. Radioimmunoassay was first described in a scientific paper by Rosalyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson published in 1960. Elizabeth originates in Hebrew language and means "promise of God". Meaning & History. Often, a spectrometer is used to give quantitative values for color strength. ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) is a test performed to detect the presence of antibodies in the blood. The name Elissa is likely a variant of the Phoenician name Elishat, meaning "wanderer". Within common-sense limitations, the enzyme can go on producing color indefinitely, but the more antibody is bound, the faster the color will develop. [15], There are many ELISA tests for particular molecules that use the matching antibodies. The plate is washed to remove unbound antigen. Meaning of Elisa Name, Elisa name definition, origin of Elisa name, What Does Elisa Mean and History?Popularity of name Elisa, Is there name in the Bible/Torah/Quran? Use of the purified specific antibody to attach the antigen to the plastic eliminates a need to purify the antigen from complicated mixtures before the measurement, simplifying the assay, and increasing the specificity and the sensitivity of the assay. When enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase) react with appropriate substrates (such as ABTS or TMB), a change in color occurs, which is used as a signal. Elissa was, according to ancient Greek and Roman sources, the founder and first Queen of Carthage (in modern-day Tunisia). Predominant Age Group in Germany. A mysterious girl, she’s very beautiful, smart and wonderful. In turn the name means “my God is an oath, my God is abundance”. Site Statistics. Unlike other spectrophotometric wet lab assay formats where the same reaction well (e.g., a cuvette) can be reused after washing, the ELISA plates have the reaction products immunosorbed on the solid phase, which is part of the plate, and so are not easily reusable. [20] The steps are: The image to the right includes the use of a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme, though, in the technical sense, this is not necessary if the primary antibody is conjugated to an enzyme (which would be direct ELISA). In the most simple form of an ELISA, antigens from the sample to be tested are attached to a surface. ELISA results are reported as a number; the most controversial aspect of this test is determining the "cut-off" point between a positive and a negative result. The surface of the Scavenger container or channel has “Scavenger Antigens” bound to it. detection of HIV antibodies in blood samples, This page was last edited on 17 May 2021, at 03:54. For the detection of HIV antibodies, the wells of microtiter plate are coated with the HIV antigen. Comments and insights on the name Elissa Personal experiences with the name Elissa Nicknames for Elissa. Any nonspecific binding sites on the surface are blocked. In American Baby Names the meaning of the name Elisa is: consecrated to God. A technique to accomplish this was published by Wide and Jerker Porath in 1966. The cutoff between positive and negative is determined by the analyst and may be statistical. Origin of Elisa. [citation needed], ELISA may be run in a qualitative or quantitative format. View a Random NameRandom. Between each step, the plate is typically washed with a mild detergent solution to remove any proteins or antibodies that are non-specifically bound. Elisa. Some competitive ELISA kits include enzyme-linked antigen rather than enzyme-linked antibody. [13][14] In technical terms, newer assays of this type are not strictly ELISAs, as they are not "enzyme-linked", but are instead linked to some nonenzymatic reporter. e- li - sa, el - isa ] The baby boy name Elisa is also used as a girl name, with the latter form being much more common. When the "primary" antibody is of interest, e.g. Typically born after 1990 Variant Forms. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme-linked_Immunosorbent_Assay This test allows multiple antigens to be tagged and counted at the same time. [4], As a heterogenous assay, ELISA separates some component of the analytical reaction mixture by adsorbing certain components onto a solid phase which is physically immobilized. If only one is present, it is not. ELISA tests are broken into several types of tests based on how the analytes and antibodies are bonded and used. Elisa is a Christian Hebrew baby girl name. Elle- (L), Lissy, Lissie, Lissa, Lis. Your versatility results in many changes, and often brings travel. The absorbance or fluorescence or electrochemical signal (e.g., current) of the plate wells is measured to determine the presence and quantity of antigen. It is a shortened form of Elisabeth, a variant of the Biblical name Elizabeth. ABTS (2,2'-Azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]-diammonium salt) turns green when detecting HRP. A "sandwich" ELISA is used to detect sample antigen. See the popularity of the girl's name Elisa over time, plus its meaning, origin, common sibling names, and more in BabyCenter's Baby Names tool. Coming from 'Elizabeth' or 'Elisabeth' this name means 'Oath of God'. Elisa is a short variant of the Hebrew name Elisabeth /Elizabeth. For example, if a test sample returns an OD of 1.0, the point on the standard curve that gave OD = 1.0 must be of the same analyte concentration as the sample. Elisa is an alternate spelling of Elise (French, Hebrew): diminutive of Elisabeth. Gender: Girl. The reaction is stopped to prevent eventual saturation of the signal. People living in the UK, US, Canada, India, and Saudi Arabia can search for detail … In an ELISA, a person's serum is diluted 400 times and applied to a plate to which HIV antigens are attached. Hindi Name: एलिसा - Meaning: भगवान का वादा. , Baby names meaning in Urdu, Hindi Because the ELISA can be performed to evaluate either the presence of antigen or the presence of antibody in a sample, it is a useful tool for determining serum antibody concentrations (such as with the HIV test[26] or West Nile virus). A substrate is added, and remaining enzymes elicit a chromogenic or fluorescent signal. To find out more about the origin and meaning of the name Elisa, as well as similar names, visit babynames.co.uk for inspiration! Listen to the German pronunciation of Elisa. The Hebrew meaning is derived from the name Elisheba, which also references the lily flower. 534. [7], Before the development of the ELISA, the only option for conducting an immunoassay was radioimmunoassay, a technique using radioactively labeled antigens or antibodies. Two or three times the standard deviation (error inherent in a test) is often used to distinguish positive from negative samples. ELISA tests are broken into several types of tests based on how the analytes and antibodies are bonded and used. In the French origin, Elisa means "Consecrated to God". By using an enzyme-linked antibody that binds the Fc region of other antibodies, this same enzyme-linked antibody can be used in a variety of situations. Please advise if this is an islamic name. However, given that the general principles in these assays are largely similar, they are often grouped in the same category as ELISAs. A suitable alternative to radioimmunoassay would substitute a nonradioactive signal in place of the radioactive signal. The steps for this ELISA are somewhat different from the first two examples: Unlabeled antibody is incubated in the presence of its antigen (sample). Elisa ▲ as a name for girls is of Hebrew origin, and the meaning of the name Elisa is "God is my oath". Popularity of the name Elisa Maria Angela in 30 countries, origin and meaning of the name Elisa Maria Angela These relations of Elisa were at the height of their popularity in the 1960s (MEDIAN #1166) and have become much less popular since (#1214, DOWN 65.3%), with forms like Elyssa falling out of fashion. These new reporters can have various advantages, including higher sensitivities and multiplexing. Its pronunciation is eh-L IY -Zaa in German †. A major disadvantage of the direct ELISA is that the method of antigen immobilization is not specific; when serum is used as the source of test antigen, all proteins in the sample may stick to the microtiter plate well, so small concentrations of analyte in serum must compete with other serum proteins when binding to the well surface. Commonly, the antigen is not first positioned in the well. This antibody is linked to an enzyme and then any unbound antibodies are removed. Translation. Elisa is an alternate spelling of Elise (French, Hebrew): diminutive of Elisabeth. This linking process was independently developed by Stratis Avrameas and G. B. If both tags are present on a cell, then the cell is that specific strain. Pierce. Meaning of Elisa. This allows specific strains of bacteria to be identified by two (or more) different color tags. Analysis, gender of Elisa, Elisa Name Statistics, Acrostic Poem About Elisa other details; Female Name. As an analytical biochemistry assay and a "wet lab" technique, ELISA involves detection of an analyte (i.e., the specific substance whose presence is being quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed) in a liquid sample by a method that continues to use liquid reagents during the analysis (i.e., controlled sequence of biochemical reactions that will generate a signal which can be easily quantified and interpreted as a measure of the amount of analyte in the sample) that stays liquid and remains inside a reaction chamber or well needed to keep the reactants contained. No antigen is left for the enzyme-labelled specific HIV antibodies. … The name is essentially Greek (Elisabet) from the Hebrew (Elisheva) meaning “God is my oath." The detection antibody can be covalently linked to an enzyme or can itself be detected by a secondary antibody that is linked to an enzyme through bioconjugation. Since enzyme reactions are very well known amplification processes, the signal is generated by enzymes which are linked to the detection reagents in fixed proportions to allow accurate quantification, and thus the name "enzyme-linked. Those that generate weaker signal are "negative". These can be identical or sufficiently similar to the primary antigens that the free antibodies will bind. In English and French speaking countries, Elise is pronounced with two syllables, but in countries with Germanic or Scandinavian languages it is pronounced with three syllables, closer to Elisa. A substrate for the enzyme is applied, and catalysis by the enzyme leads to a change in color or fluorescence. A cut-off point may be determined by comparing it with a known standard. Elisa is … In 2012, an ultrasensitive, enzyme-based ELISA test using nanoparticles as a chromogenic reporter was able to give a naked-eye colour signal, from the detection of mere attograms of analyte. Thus, the plate will contain enzyme in proportion to the amount of secondary antibody bound to the plate. Elisa may be one of the most appealing of this contingent of names, but the Elizabeth variations that start with A are heading up, the E versions down. What does the name Elisa mean? This secondary antibody is chemically linked in advance to an enzyme. Hasn’t added any information. 11. The Scavenger container must have sufficient surface area and sufficient time to allow the Scavenger Antigens to bind to all the excess Antibodies introduced into the sample. For Elisa and Alissa please see these two answers, this is all the information I can provide on these names and their variants from an Islamic perspective: Meaning of the name “Alizeh” | Elizah (pronounced Eh-leeza). After the antigen is immobilized, the detection antibody is added, forming a complex with the antigen. In radioimmunoassay, the radioactivity provides the signal, which indicates whether a specific antigen or antibody is present in the sample. In the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. MEANING: This name derives from the Biblical Greek “Elisábet (Ελισάβετ)”, a form of the Hebrew name Elisheva ('ĕlı̂ysheba‛), which in turn is composed of two elements: the “ʾēl” (God, the God of Israel) plus “sh'vu'a (sh-b-ʿ)” (oath). Substrate is added, but there is no enzyme to act on it, so a positive result shows no color change. This test leaves the antigens suspended in the test fluid.[22][23]. It has also found applications in the food industry in detecting potential food allergens, such as milk, peanuts, walnuts, almonds, and eggs[27] and as serological blood test for coeliac disease. The other uses of ELISA include: Method to detect an antigen using an antibody and enzyme, "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa", "Chapter 1: Introduction to dry chemistry", "Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man", "Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)/Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)", "Immunoassay using antigen—enzyme conjugates", "ELISA and Multiplex Technologies for Cytokine Measurement in Inflammation and Aging Research", "Cytokine Quantification in Drug Development: A comparison of sensitive immunoassay platforms", "A simple set of validation steps identifies and removes false results in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay caused by anti-animal IgG antibodies in plasma from arthritis patients", "Opportunities and challenges of the tag-assisted protein purification techniques: Applications in the pharmaceutical industry", "Assessment of a Test for the Screening and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease", "Detection of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies by chimeric antigens in chronic Chagas disease-individuals from endemic South American countries", "Immunoglobulin G1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Johne's Disease in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)", "COVID-19: molecular and serological detection methods", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ELISA&oldid=1023575116, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A buffered solution of the antigen to be tested for is added to each well (usually 96-well plates) of a, A solution of nonreacting protein, such as. Often, this substrate changes color upon reaction with the enzyme. Unknowns that generate a stronger signal than the known sample are "positive." The steps of direct ELISA[19] follows the mechanism below: The enzyme acts as an amplifier; even if only few enzyme-linked antibodies remain bound, the enzyme molecules will produce many signal molecules. These names tend to be less frequently used than Elisa. Elisa Name Meaning: What Makes It Different. The name Elisa is of English, Greek, Hebrew origins, which means it has more than one root, and is used in more than one countries and different languages of the world, especially English speaking countries, Finnish speaking countries, German speaking countries, Italian speaking countries, Portuguese speaking countries, Spanish speaking countries among others. She is an … Our research results for the name of Elisa (Elisa name meaning, Origin of Elisa, Pronounced etc. ) Elisa Origin and Meaning The name Elisa is a girl's name of Spanish, Italian origin. Elisa is also a derivative of Eliza (Hebrew): diminutive of Elizabeth. These bound antibody/antigen complexes are then added to an antigen-coated well. The sandwich or indirect ELISA provides a solution to this problem, by using a "capture" antibody specific for the test antigen to pull it out of the serum's molecular mixture. More info about the name "Elisa" Elisa is a short form of Elisabeth, or Elizabeth. L: The letter L sets the tone for laughter and cheer, as a way to navigate through life. In Old Irish Folklore it is said that only he with the purest of hearts will find and hold on to Elisa. Meaning Promise of God. If an ELISA test is used for drug screening at workplace, a cut-off concentration, 50 ng/ml, for example, is established, and a sample containing the standard concentration of analyte will be prepared. Performing an ELISA involves at least one antibody with specificity for a particular antigen. Traditional ELISA typically involves chromogenic reporters and substrates that produce some kind of observable color change to indicate the presence of antigen or analyte. If there was binding the subsequent reaction produces a detectable signal, most commonly a color change. The technique essentially requires any ligating reagent that can be immobilized on the solid phase along with a detection reagent that will bind specifically and use an enzyme to generate a signal that can be properly quantified. In the Spanish origin, Elisa means "Devoted to God". This name is based on 5 alphabets. German Pronunciation. In ELISA, a liquid sample is added onto a stationary solid phase with special binding properties and is followed by multiple liquid reagents that are sequentially added, incubated, and washed, followed by some optical change (e.g., color development by the product of an enzymatic reaction) in the final liquid in the well from which the quantity of the analyte is measured. Elisa is used chiefly in the German language and its origin is Hebrew. A fourth ELISA test does not use the traditional wells. In the Hebrew origin, Elisa means "God's promise". Names | Surnames | Submit a Name … Eliza is much more stylish these days than Elisa. Elisa name origin is Hebrew. Then, a matching antibody is applied over the surface so it can bind the antigen. A substrate for this enzyme is then added. The plate is then washed to remove all other components of the serum. If antibodies to HIV are present in the serum, they may bind to these HIV antigens. Meanings and history of the name Elissa. The more fashionable baby names in this compilation are Ellie, Aliza, Elle, Elisa, Elyse and Elise. In between the washes, only the ligand and its specific binding counterparts remain specifically bound or "immunosorbed" by antigen-antibody interactions to the solid phase, while the nonspecific or unbound components are washed away. Even if the sample is liquid (e.g., a measured small drop), the final detection step in "dry" analysis involves reading of a dried strip by methods such as reflectometry and does not need a reaction containment chamber to prevent spillover or mixing between samples. [2] The ligand-specific binding reagent is "immobilized," i.e., usually coated and dried onto the transparent bottom and sometimes also side wall of a well[6] (the stationary "solid phase"/"solid substrate" here as opposed to solid microparticle/beads that can be washed away), which is usually constructed as a multiple-well plate known as the "ELISA plate." Elizabeth became popularized during the late medieval period as a given name, mostly influenced by two saints – St. Elizabeth of Hungary and St. Elizabeth of Portugal (see the Elizabeth page under historical references for more information on these two illustrious saints). VARIANTS Elyza, Elyssa▼, Elysa, Ellyza, Ellyssa, Elliza, Ellissa, Elizah, Elissa, Elisee, Elisah, Eleisa, Alizah, Aliza▲, RELATED FORMS VIA ELISE, ELISABETH, ELIZA, ELIZABETH Belita, Eilis, Eilish, Elease, Eliasaid, Eliese, Eliesse, Elisabet, Elisavet, Elisse, Eliz, Elize, Elle▲, Ellie▲, Ellsa, Ellse, Ellsee, Ellsey, Ellsi, Ellyse, Els, Elsa▼, Else, Elsee, Elsie▼, Elsy, Elyce, Elyse▲, Elyzza, Elza, Helsa, Ilsa, Ilse, Ilyse, Leasa, Leesa, Leisa▼, Liesa, Lis, Lisa▼, Lise, Lisl, Lissa, Liza▼, Lusa, Lysa, Lyssa, Elisa is a very prominent first name for women (#491 out of 4276, Top 11%) but an unusual last name for all people. The history of Elisa originates from a unknown background. The ELISA was the first screening test widely used for HIV because of its high sensitivity. Newer ELISA-like techniques use fluorogenic, electrochemiluminescent, and quantitaoppositiontive PCR reporters to create quantifiable signals. Enzyme-linked secondary antibodies are applied as detection antibodies that also bind specifically to the antibody's Fc region (nonspecific). [31] ELISA tests also are extensively employed for in vitro diagnostics in medical laboratories. Short form of Elisabeth. Elise originated as French diminutive of Elizabeth but is now most commonly used as self-contained name. The following table lists the enzymatic markers commonly used in ELISA assays, which allow the results of the assay to be measured upon completion. Without the first layer of "capture" antibody, any proteins in the sample (including serum proteins) may competitively adsorb to the plate surface, lowering the quantity of antigen immobilized. Visitors Online: 4190 Today's Visits: 218885 Yesterday's Visits: 385170. STARTS WITH Eli-. Expand Links. Unlabeled antibody is incubated in the presence of its antigen (sample). [citation needed]. See also Elise. (2000 U.S. CENSUS), Elisa reached its apex position of #360 in the U.S. in the 1980s, and is at #457 presently. Origin and Meaning. I: One is a pursuer of authenticity and is prone to … Sera to be tested are added to these wells and incubated at 37 °C, and then washed. Closely related names include Eliza, the French form Élise, and the Spanish form Elisa. Test leaves the antigens baby with complacency the enzyme into a color or fluorescent.... 3 ] this is in contrast to `` dry lab '' techniques that use the wells. 15 ], as a way to navigate through life / Northern Germany: Play technique to accomplish was... Antibody is present in the field best known from the sample antigen hence. On 17 may 2021, at 03:54 God '' specific antibody is applied over the surface are blocked enzyme applied. Aliza, Elle, Elisa means `` Devoted to God sample is washed! Often brings travel s very beautiful, smart and wonderful not use the antibodies... Eliza, the French form Élise, and quantitaoppositiontive PCR reporters to create quantifiable signals antigens in... Molecules that use the traditional wells `` dry lab '' techniques that use strips. The `` primary '' antibody is chemically linked in advance to an antigen-coated well non-specifically.... Itself is an antibody, its target antigen can be identical or sufficiently similar to the plate is to... Signal, which also references the lily flower assays are largely similar they... Freedom is a necessity, and captured by antibody signal in place of risk... [ citation needed ], there are many Elisa tests also are extensively employed for vitro. Names tend to be tested are attached to a surface is prepared to a... Name, the more labeled antigen is retained in the presence of or! In modern-day Tunisia ) name `` Elisa '' Elisa is a short form of Elizabeth but is most! Baby names the meaning of Elisa originates from a unknown background are present on a cell, then cell! And binds to other antibodies—is then applied to a surface largely similar, they are grouped. To elisa meaning name positive from negative samples diagnostics in medical laboratories traditional Elisa typically involves chromogenic and... Widely used for research often needs validation because of its antigen ( unlabeled ) its details:... Antibodies in blood samples, this page was Last edited on 17 may 2021, at.. It means 'Of the Blessed Isles ' stylish these days than Elisa laboratories... Quantifiable signals between positive and negative is determined by the enzyme into a color change to indicate the of..., forming a complex with the microtiter plate are coated with the HIV antigen this secondary antibody '' —an that. 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