[68] The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by Nader Shah after the 1729 Battle of Damghan. A cloak reputedly worn by Islam's prophet Muhammad is kept inside the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar, a city founded by Alexander the Great and the first capital of Afghanistan. The PDPA declared the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, with its first leader named as People's Democratic Party general secretary Nur Muhammad Taraki. The Afghan people are known to be strongly religious. These sitcoms, along with Friends, That '70s Show, Ellen, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Full House, Nurses, Murphy Brown, The Wonder Years, Living Single, Step by Step, NewsRadio, Blossom, The King of Queens, Major Dad, Fired Up, Jesse, Parker Lewis Can't Lose, For Your Love, The Steve Harvey Show, The Larry Sanders Show, Sex and the City, Arliss, Dream On, Grace Under Fire, Mad About You, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, The Naked Truth, The Jeff Foxworthy Show, The Jamie Foxx Show, Smart Guy, The Wayans Bros., Malcolm & Eddie, Clueless, Moesha, The Parent 'Hood, Unhappily Ever After, Roc, Martin, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, In Living Color, Sister, Sister, Boy Meets World, Ned and Stacey, Becker, Veronica's Closet, Two Guys and a Girl, The Drew Carey Show, Wings, The John Larroquette Show, Caroline in the City, Sports Night, Home Improvement, Will & Grace, Married... with Children, Evening Shade, Cosby, Spin City, The Nanny, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Beverly Hills, 90210, Suddenly Susan, Cybill, Just Shoot Me!, Everybody Loves Raymond, and Dharma and Greg turned TV in new directions and defined the humor of the decade. Foxes, wolves, otters, deer, wild sheep, lynx and other big cats populate the mountain forest region of the east. [73] In 1837, during the Battle of Jamrud near the Khyber Pass, Akbar Khan and the Afghan army failed to capture the Jamrud Fort from the Sikh Khalsa Army, but killed Sikh Commander Hari Singh Nalwa, thus ending the Afghan-Sikh Wars. [34] For its success in resisting foreign occupation during the 19th and 20th centuries, Afghanistan has been called the "graveyard of empires",[35] though it is unknown who coined the phrase. The bridge is 1,693-feet long. [279] Some of the major national construction projects include the $35 billion New Kabul City next to the capital, the Aino Mena project in Kandahar, and the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town near Jalalabad. However, problems including the massive 1995 general strikes in France following a recession and the difficulties associated with. [298] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average 460 million m3 (2.9 billion bbl) of crude oil, 440 billion m3 (15.7 trillion cu ft) of natural gas, and 67 billion L (562 million US bbl) of natural gas liquids. Crash Bandicoot is released in September 1996, becoming an innovative platformer for the PlayStation. Ancient Eastern Iranian languages may have been spoken in the region around the time of the rise of Zoroastrianism. A rail line between Khaf, Iran and Herat, western Afghanistan, intended for both freight and passengers, is under construction as of 2019. A key force behind these reforms was Mahmud Tarzi, an ardent supporter of the education of women. Maybe you'll even check out some of these series after knowing a little more about it? Edwards disappeared in 1995, which was highly publicized. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture. Rave spawned genres such as Intelligent dance music and Drum and bass. Mount Etna, towering above Catania, Sicily's second largest city, has one of the world's longest documented records of historical volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. [90] The PDPA initiated various social, symbolic and land distribution reforms that provoked strong opposition, while also brutally oppressing political dissidents. The late 90s also saw the evolution of a new TV genre: primetime game shows, popularized by the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, hosted by Regis Philbin on ABC, as well as other first-run game shows aired in primetime on the newly launched Game Show Network. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. U2 was one of the most popular 1990s bands, their groundbreaking Zoo TV and PopMart tours were the top selling tours of 1992 and 1997. The Minaret of Jam in the Hari River valley is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs continues to develop diplomatic relations with other countries around the world. [386][387] Much of lapis lazuli stones were earthed in modern-day Afghanistan which were used in Chinese porcelain as cobalt blue, later used in ancient Mesopotamia and Turkey.[388]. Those born from 1990 to 1996 are generally considered part of the Millennial Generation, along with those born in the 1980s, while those born from 1997 onward are often considered part of Generation Z, the post-Millennial generation. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community, particularly with the Soviet Union and the Weimar Republic of Germany. [194], Gazelles, wild pigs and jackals populate the steppe plains of the south and west, while mongoose and cheetahs exist in the semi-desert south. It occurred on one of the world's longest and best-studied horizontal motion faults, called the east-west trending North Anatolian fault. In 2012, the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally. [295][296][301] The Khanashin carbonatite in Helmand Province contains 1,000,000 tonnes (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) of rare earth elements. The traditional and the national sport of Afghanistan is buzkashi, mainly popular in the north, but also having a following in other parts of the country. The Honda Accord vied with the Taurus most years for being the best-selling car in the United States during the early part of the decade. The Case for Reintegration – Caspian Policy Center", "Afghanistan Way of Life | Afghanistan's Web Site", Afghanistan: Kuchi nomads seek a better deal, "The sexually abused dancing boys of Afghanistan", "Afghanistan Has a Tougher Law on Child Marriage than Florida", "Hats Proliferate as Symbol of Pashtun Protest Movement | Voice of America – English", "Afghanistan Art and Architecture | Afghanistan's Web Site", "Afghan archaeologists find Buddhist site as war rages", "In Afghanistan, weaving ancient industry back into global market", "Selling war: commodifying the (in)security of Afghan women", "Rug Weavers and Bride Prices in the Northwest: Still expensive in spite of government and Taleban rules", "The Potter: Crafting Afghanistan's future", "War and Pillaging Couldn't Break an Afghan Village, but a Tumbling Economy May", "How the quest for the 'perfect blue' changed art forever", "First-ever oil paintings found in Afghanistan", "World's Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan", "Suspects Sentenced To Death For Killing Journalist in Kandahar", "Bollywood's Panipat irks Afghans over founding father's portrayal", "Afghanistan – The Rough Guide to World Music", "Attan – the fascinating national dance of Afghanistan", "Everything You Need To Know About Afghan Food", "Rare Heirloom Seeds – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds", "FEATURE: In Western Afghanistan, an ancient love of poetry thrives again", "Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice", "In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice", "Sikhs throng temples to celebrate Vaisakhi", "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear", "Cricket is now the biggest sport in Afghanistan", "South Asian Games: Shooters, swimmers shine as India consolidate dominance", "Precious moments of unity touch Afghans after football triumph", "Afghanistan Makes History in Cricket World Cup, Despite Debut Loss to Bangladesh", "Afghanistan's buzkashi horses prepare for the game of courage", "In Afghanistan's National Pastime, It's Better to Be a Hero Than a Goat", SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning, South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme, Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction, Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World, Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&oldid=1023860398, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Pashto-speaking countries and territories, Persian-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1709, States and territories established in 1747, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 May 2021, at 19:19. Specifically Warner Bros Animation shows like Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Batman: The Animated Series, and Superman: The Animated Series, as well as syndicated shows like Phantom 2040. [306] In a 2011 news story, the CSM reported, "The United States and other Western nations that have borne the brunt of the cost of the Afghan war have been conspicuously absent from the bidding process on Afghanistan's mineral deposits, leaving it mostly to regional powers. During World War I, when Afghanistan was neutral, Habibullah Khan was met by officials of the Central Powers in the Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition, to declare full independence from the United Kingdom, join them and attack British India, as part of the Hindu–German Conspiracy. Each district is represented by a district governor. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within vast regional empires, among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. [184] Afghanistan receives heavy snow during the winter in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains, and the melting snow in the spring season enters the rivers, lakes, and streams. [427] It is similar to polo, played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass. [344] Kabul University was founded in 1932 and is a respected institute that played a significant part in the country's education;[346] from the 1960s the Kabul University was also a hotbed of radical political ideologies such as Marxism and Islamism, which played major parts in society, politics and the war that began in 1978. [183] The Amu Darya rises at the north of the Hindu Kush, while the nearby Hari Rud flows west towards Herat, and the Arghandab River from the central region southwards. The US Space Command is tracking debris from the Long March 5B, which last week launched the main module of China’s first permanent space station into orbit. [188] They can be deadly and destructive, causing landslides in some parts or avalanches during the winter. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, train the Afghan National Security Forces, 15th least developed country in the world, Indian Institute of Health Management Research, 2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One, Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground, Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium, "Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan", "South Asia :: Afghanistan – the World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Afghanistan: A Treasure Trove for Archaeologists", "Chronological History of Afghanistan – the cradle of Gandharan civilisation", "The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULUB", "Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan", "Obama's war: Deploying 17,000 raises stakes in Afghanistan", "Chapter 200: Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History", "A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500–1924), Chapter IV. Da Afghanistan Bank serves as the central bank of the nation[277] and the Afghani (AFN) is the national currency, with an exchange rate of about 75 Afghanis to 1 US dollar. [136], In October 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan to remove the Taliban from power after they refused to hand over Osama Bin Laden, the prime suspect of the September 11 attacks, who was a "guest" of the Taliban and was operating his al-Qaeda network in Afghanistan. The company is headquartered in the Pacific Gas & Electric Building, in San Francisco California. In 1987, the publication of the Brundtland Report by the United Nations had paved the way to establish an environmental governance. [63] During the Medieval Period, the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name Khorasan. In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris. By 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. Movements such as grunge, the rave scene and hip hop spread around the world to young people during that decade, aided by then-new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web. Final Fantasy debuted (in North America) in 1990 for the NES, and remains among the most popular video game franchises, with many new titles to date and more in development, plus numerous spin-offs, sequels, films and related titles. [355] Disability rate is also high in Afghanistan due to the decades of war. Cox, Michael, Guelke, Adrian and Stephen, Fiona (2006). 1994 became a breakthrough year for punk rock in California, with the success of bands like Bad Religion, Social Distortion, Blink-182, Green Day, the Offspring, Rancid and similar groups following. By this time the British were advancing from the east and the first major conflict during "The Great Game" was initiated.[74]. In 2016, Afghanistan had 0.43 global hectares[308] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. Of the reported honor killings, 21% were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% by their brothers, 4% by their fathers, and the rest by other relatives. The 1990s also became the most important decade for ska punk/reggae rock, with the success of many bands like Buck-O-Nine, Goldfinger, Less Than Jake, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Murphy's Law, No Doubt, Reel Big Fish, Save Ferris, Sublime and Sugar Ray. The Afghan region has produced countless Persian-speaking poets and writers from the Middle Ages to the present day, among which three mystical authors are considered true national glories (although claimed with equal ardor by Iran), namely: Khwaja Abdullah Ansari of Herat, a great mystic and Sufi saint in the 11th century, Sanai of Ghazni, author of mystical poems in the 12th century, and, finally, Rumi of Balkh, in the 13th century, considered the persophonist throughout the world as the greatest mystical poet of the entire Muslim world. [403], Afghan cuisine is largely based upon the nation's chief crops, such as wheat, maize, barley and rice. [359] Demographic and Health Surveys is working with the Indian Institute of Health Management Research and others to conduct a survey in Afghanistan focusing on maternal death, among other things. [259][260] However many issues regarding human rights exist contrary to the law, often committed by local tribes, lawmakers and hardline clerics. [389][390] A notable art style that developed in Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan is Gandhara Art, produced by a fusion of Greco-Roman art and Buddhist art between the 1st and 7th centuries CE. [399], Pop music developed in the 1950s through Radio Kabul and was influential in social change. [342] In rural Afghanistan, villagers often use donkeys, mules or horses to transport or carry goods. Anime was popular in the 1980s, and expanded to a worldwide audience by the 1990s, for its expansive spectrum of story subjects and themes not limited to comedy and superhero action found in the US, and well produced, and well written, visual and story content that came to showcase animation's potential for emotional and intellectual depth and integrity on par with live action media to its viewers, and which also expanded to older and adult ages in the medium of animation. Heathcote, Tony (1980, 2003) "The Afghan Wars 1839–1919", Sellmount Staplehurst. Cricket and association football are the two most popular sports in the country. The team eventually made it and played in the 2015 Cricket World Cup. Urbanization has increased rapidly, particularly in the capital Kabul, due to returning refugees from Pakistan and Iran after 2001, internally displaced people, and rural migrants. The sector employs at least 120,000 people nationwide. In April 1978, the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in a bloody coup d'état against then-President Mohammed Daoud Khan, in what is called the Saur Revolution. The 1930s saw the development of roads, infrastructure, the founding of a national bank, and increased education. Afghanistan (/æfˈɡænɪstæn, æfˈɡɑːnɪstɑːn/ (listen);[14] Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, ab-],[b] Dari: Afġānestān [avɣɒnesˈtɒn]), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. [364] The Pashtuns (and Baloch) are largely connected to the culture of South Asia. [195] The Afghan hound is a native breed of dog known for its fast speed and its long hair; it is relatively known in the west. A staunch supporter of the 1915–1916 expeditions, Amanullah Khan evoked the Third Anglo-Afghan War, entering British India via the Khyber Pass.[79]. The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and breakbeat. After his death, they rebelled and divided up the provinces of the empire between themselves. [362] About 15% of the population are nomadic, locally called kochis. One exception is the Kabul River which flows in an easternly direction to the Indus ending at the Indian Ocean. The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 32.9 million as of 2019 by the Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority,[200] whereas the UN estimates over 38.0 million. [426] The national team plays its home games at the Ghazi Stadium in Kabul, while football in Afghanistan is governed by the Afghanistan Football Federation. An Outline of the History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)", "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction", In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775–1842, "Afghan Women Hope for More Gains Under New Administration – Afghanistan", "Afghan rail plan among proposals for donors", "Afghanistan: History Of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Relations With Pakistan", "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths", "Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan", "Landmines in Afghanistan: A Decades Old Danger", "Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia", "Afghanistan: Land Mines From Afghan-Soviet War Leave Bitter Legacy (Part 2)", 'Mujahidin vs. Communists: Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost, "Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity", "Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001", "Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. Their decline began 60 years after Ashoka's rule ended, leading to the Hellenistic reconquest by the Greco-Bactrians. [250] Today, several NATO member states deploy about 17,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission. The National Organization for Women (NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the lyrics of that song. The rest is provided to non-budgetary expenditure and donor-designated projects through the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations.[276]. The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology, with the World Wide Web, the first gene therapy trial, and the first designer babies[2] all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade. The internet was created and in its infancy in the 1990s. An important site of early historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites.[15][37]. 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