The tsunami heights were below the threshold of the beach berm at the northern and southern extents of our observations. As time passes and seismic data is processed, more detailed versions of the source model emerge, generally within the time frame of a few hours to several days. At Pasar Bawah Manna, the survey site was located in a sheltered area behind a headland. Figure 6(a) compares the computed run-up to the measured field data for the RS and D1 sources while Fig. In more analytical terms, the somewhat disappointing performance of the inverted model D1 (illustrated by its lack of clear improvement over RS) stems from the unfavourable geometry of the lone available DART buoy, located in what amounts to a node of radiation of the tsunami wave-field. One local resident who lived on the beach noted that the debris line from previous high tides was raised to a higher level by the tsunami. This study compares various methods for evaluation and modelling of tsunami effects in both the near and far fields, in terms of their relative accuracies and the time they require. 2006). 1) and its prolongation northward along the Nicobar-Andaman arc are host to powerful earthquakes generating destructive tsunamis as documented by recent events, historical accounts and palaeoseismic evidence (Zachariasen et al. The original versions of these sources require a two-fold increase in the vertical deformation in order to accurately reproduce the surveyed run-up, but these same scaled-up sources then over-predict the wave heights at DART 23401. The models were re-run and the result plotted in Fig. Sieh K. Event I (the first and largest; 4.52°S and 101.37°E; Mw = 8.4) took place at 18:10 local time (11:10 UTC) on the 12th, offshore of Bengkulu province Sumatra; a large aftershock (Event II; 2.7°S and 100.7° E; Mw = 7.9) followed at 23:49 UTC, and a third shock (Event III; 2.3°S and 99.6°E; Mw = 7.1) took place at 03:35 UTC on the 13th (10:35 local time). The first shock in this earthquake doublet struck with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) and the second shock that arrived two hours later had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). The fourth deformation model (V2; Fig. 10 compares the computed and recorded water levels at DART 23401. 2005), and second its lack of a significant tsunami in the far field, despite its very large seismic moment (the earthquake would have been the largest one in 40 years, but for the 2004 shock), which prompted wild speculation and nervous evacuation throughout the Indian Ocean Basin. Within minutes of an earthquake, the first estimates of the magnitude coupled with historical precedent allow for an initial assessment of the likelihood of a tsunami. It is evident from Fig. Upon noticing the waters rising again, he then fled the area on his motorbike. Search for other works by this author on: The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America, The US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program: a successful state-federal partnership, Improving tsunami forecast skill using deep ocean observations, Tsunami: scientific frontiers, mitigation, forecasting, and policy implications, Field data and satellite imagery of tsunami effects in Banda Aceh, Tsunami, inundation modeling for western Sumatra, GPS-determined eastward Sundaland motion with respect to Eurasia confirmed by earthquake slip vectors at Sundaland Philippine trenches, Extreme runup from the 17 July 2006 Java tsunami, 15 August 2007 Peru tsunami runup observations and modeling, Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes., Earth, Planets, Scaling relations for earthquake source parameters and magnitudes, Sensitivity analysis of source parameters for earthquake generated distant tsunamis, Mentawai tsunami effect at Port Elizabeth, South Africa on 12–14 September 2007, Effects of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Republic of Seychelles, Preliminary result of the Sep 12, 2007 Sumatra earthquake, Source description of the 1999 Hector Mine, California earthquake; Part I: wavelet domain inversion theory and resolution analysis, On St. Venant's principle in the two-dimensional linear theory of elasticity, Partial rupture of a locked patch of the Sumatra megathrust during the 2007 earthquake sequence, The displacement fields of inclined faults, Smong: how an oral history saved thousands on Indonesia's Simeulue Island during the December 2004 and March 2005 tsunamis, Indonesian earthquake: Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress, Near-field propagation of tsunami from megathrust earthquakes, Tsunami threat in the Indian Ocean from a future megathrust earthquake west of Sumatra, Interseismic deformation above the Sunda Megathrust recorded in coral microatolls of the Mentawai islands, West Sumatra, Source characteristics of the great Sumatra earthquake and its aftershocks, Teleseismic estimates of radiated seismic energy: the E/M, Performance of robust source estimators for last year's large earthquakes, Far-field tsunami hazard from mega-thrust earthquakes in the Indian Ocean, Source area and rupture parameters of the 31 December 1881 M, Stress changes along the Sunda trench following the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman and 28 March 2005 Nias earthquakes, India and Sunda plates motion and deformation along their boundary in Myanmardetermined by GPS, Tsunami science before and beyond Boxing Day 2004, Run-up measurements of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 1992–2002: Perspective on a decade of post-tsunami surveys, Tsunamis: Case studies and recent developments, Implementation and Testing of the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, The global reach of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra Tsunami, Tsunami inundation at Crescent City, California generated by earthquakes along the Cascadia Subduction Zone, Real-time experimental forecast of the Peruvian tsunami of August 2007 for U.S. coastlines, Finite fault modeling in a tsunami warning center context, Die Erdbeben des Indischen Archipels bis zum Jahre 1857, Verhandelingen K. Akad. Aubrey Dugger of GreenInfo Networks provided GIS support. For sea level sensors to provide the best data for source inversion, the sensors should be located along the main beam of the tsunami. Sri Lanka had the most injuries with 21,411 injuries. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The earthquake, measuring 7.6Mw, was located around 30 miles (45 kilometers) west-northwest of Padang and 135 miles (220 kilometers) southwest … The resulting source model gives the faulting parameters for 308 individual fault segments along the rupture plane. The inundation at Karang Pulau was clearly identified by the presence of a debris line wedged into the coastal bluff. Magnitude 8.4 - SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA. In addition, the latter have shown that the seismic slip (on the average 5 m) also falls short of the estimated 9 m accumulated since 1833. The houses located close to shore were uniformly flooded, however only five structures were damaged. This situation, in which the composite fault models provide a poorer fit than does the uniform slip source to the complete data set of wave amplitudes (including both near- and far-field), is in contrast to the case of the August 2007 Peruvian earthquake and tsunami, for which Fritz et al. At a few locations, there was an excellent direct observation from witnesses who had evacuated to high ground but still had a clear view of the sea. Chlieh M.. Nettles M. This allows for an efficient numerical solution over an area that covers the region directly affected by the earthquake dislocation and tsunami. Large driftwood logs were transported from the beach and deposited in the streets of the village. Finally, the northernmost data point was recorded north of the town of Ipuh (Retak Ilir coast). The following is a release by the United States Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center: An earthquake occurred IN THE KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA, about 185 km (115 miles) SSE of Padang, Sumatra or about 755 km (470 miles) WNW of JAKARTA, Java at 5:49 PM MDT, Sep 12, 2007 (Sep 13 at 6:49 AM local time in Indonesia). 2005; Stein & Okal 2005) and its tsunami probably the most lethal one in the history of mankind. Computed vertical uplift from each of the four scenarios. Relocated historical earthquakes are shown as solid red dots with associated Monte Carlo ellipses. Computed tsunami run up from MOST for the four scenarios compared to measured field data. Accordingly, the area was considered ripe for a major event (Pollitz 2006), possibly as large as a repeat of the 1833 shock. (1999) on the basis of the mapping of uplifted corals on the Mentawai Islands offshore of Sumatra. 6(b) compares the results for the V1 and V2 sources. Eyewitnesses reported that the water first receded approximately 20 min after the earthquake, then returned 20 min later. Five locations were surveyed in the vicinity of Bengkulu, including sites in the city itself as well as around Pulau Baai Harbor to the south. Discussions with crewmembers from a civilian tugboat as well as from a military patrol boat were similar in that neither crew reported significant water level changes, overtopping of the wharf or boats touching bottom. Slip distribution and rupture velocity are determined simultaneously by means of … The same witness indicated the level on the sea cliff that he thought best represented the sustained flow depth of the overall tsunami wave. In this respect, we note that recent research (Weinstein & Lundgren 2008) has demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining acceptable source tomographic models based on teleseismic P waves, potentially within 1 hr of origin time if using a clustered network of processors. Final reports from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center gave a peak-to-trough total wave height of 2.27 m at Padang. Teng M. A continuous GPS receiving station used to measure ground level changes was installed at the school in 2006. The real-time, far-field warning capabilities of the DART system in conjunction with a database of pre-computed sources were clearly illustrated during the August 2007 Peru tsunami (Wei et al. Mawson G.K. Such analyses provide information critical to the decision-making process for warning or evacuating areas located more than a few hours of tsunami travel time from the source region, as well as planning for emergency relief. Simons W. The V1 × 2 and D1 source models also suggest a third surge that is at least as large as the first or second waves. In this framework, a series of significant earthquakes took place on 2007 September 12–13 (Fig. [3] Over 43,000 houses were damaged, with over 12,000 of those severely damaged. The region north of Bengkulu experienced the brunt of the earthquake and tsunami. Land Earthquakes According to residents, the sea first receded at approximately 6:30 p.m. with the first positive wave arriving at approximately 7:00 p.m. Natawidjaja D. An inundation debris line was clearly seen in the forest behind the village with a second debris line observed another 20 m inland of this line. The Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 28 March 2005 in Sumatra, Indonesia At Lais, the tsunami run-up was measured to be between 2 and 4 m when corrected for tide. Of the four scenarios tested here, the simple RS, uniform slip model produced the best overall fit to the measured field data and to the measured water levels at the DART buoy. 2006) had accumulated 9 m of convergence since 1833. (1999). The run-up was measured to be 2.2 m with an inundation distance of 93 m. Several impact scars from floating debris (the large logs) were observed on the tree trunks and uniformly indicated a flow depth on the order of 1 m close to the beach that tapered towards the maximum inundation distance. The March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes occurred near the northern end of Lake Singkarak in Sumatra, Indonesia, on March 6. Corrected run-up at Karang Pulau was measured at 3.3 m. Approximately 10 km north at Pantai Indah, an obvious debris line indicated the extent of tsunami run-up; however, the inundation was not observed directly. The tsunami was observed along 250 km of coastline and caused damage at several locations. Driving north of Lais, the coastal cliffs are not as prominent and the highway drops down to near sea level. The station was not damaged, however the intensity of the ground shaking did cause a rusted mounting bracket for the data transmission antenna to break. Data recorded by this instrument and transmitted in real time was used to constrain the earthquake source and initialize the tsunami model. These images show the damage caused by the resulting tsunami to the shores of northwestern Sumatra. Fearing a large tsunami after the powerful earthquake, the residents evacuated to higher ground upon observing a withdrawal of the sea level. Both of these events resulted in numerous fatalities and damage to surrounding areas. Wetensch. This was followed again by another withdrawal, which residents reported as not particularly large, i.e. Two other major earthquakes struck later. Colour scale units are in metres. Chamot-Rooke N. A clear run-up mark of 3.9 m was measured on one steep cliff. 2007), although the information remains scant regarding the possible recurrence rate of the largest events. 5", https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04511.x, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_2007_Sumatra_earthquakes&oldid=976040601, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The team measured flow depths and tsunami heights, maximum run-up, inundation distances, recorded structural damage and interviewed eyewitnesses as per established methods (Synolakis & Okal 2005). Thomson R.E. Mofjeld H.O. 9 that the position of DART 23401 to the side and away from the direction of maximum energy radiation was less than ideal for an accurate inversion of the source. Run-up measured at Pantai Indah was 1.9 m at 50 m inundation. However, in the D1 scenario, the initial withdrawal does not appear until approximately 40 min after the earthquake. The triangle identifies the 2000 earthquake. One witness who did observe the tsunami, reported waves at 8:30, 9:00 and 9:30 p.m., with the largest wave arriving last. 2008). On Wednesday, September 12, 2007, a great earthquake struck off the southern coast of the island of Sumatra, killing at least 9 people and generating a relatively small tsunami. The city of Bengkulu occupies the central headland, while the southern headland features a large lagoon containing two commercial and one fishing port. Therefore, we conjectured that the maximum run-up at Pantai Nala is constrained to be no more than 2.0 m. At the small Bengkulu port (Tapak Paderi), local fishermen indicated the maximum tsunami water levels. Inspection of aerial imagery of this area shows this distance to be on the order of 500 m. The tsunami was clearly observed at the next two locations northward, Karang Pulau (Cliff Island) and Pantai Indah (Beautiful Beach). Once the model is defined, the resulting static vertical deformation is computed using the algorithm of Mansinha & Smylie (1971). At an undamaged house located approximately 200 m inland the tsunami flooded some 1-m deep. This leads to performing the inversion under a condition of singularity in the excitation leading to a deterioration of the stability of the inversion. In most cases, insufficient seismic data is available immediately following an earthquake event and it is impractical for tsunami forecasters to attempt an elaborate seismic inversion of the event. We use the lower level of the window glass as an upper limit for the flow depth at this location. 2000). Detailed time series from the models were extracted from locations offshore of Air Rami, Serangai, Bengkulu and Muara Maras. While the detailed run-up for this source was not computed in real time, the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research (NCTR) made the far-field results available to the public within 5 hr of the earthquake. An inspection of the area a few days after the ... March 2005 in Indonesia, yet another earthquake … The Nias-Simeulue earthquake of 2005 March 28 (Mw = 8.7) is best remembered on two accounts; first its successful anticipation based on the concept of Coulomb stress transferred from the 2004 rupture zone (McCloskey et al. Simultaneously available information on the earthquake location allows for a rapid estimate of tsunami wave arrival times at locations potentially in harms way. Source V1 (Fig. This model of source can be obtained as soon as the ‘real-time’ estimate of the seismic characteristics of the event are available, in practice 15–30 min after origin time (e.g. A. Konca and C. Ji graciously provided assistance with the seismic models. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2007_Sumatra_earthquakes In the southern section of the modelling region, the RS, V1 and V2 sources produce very similar results. 2007). te Amsterdam, Tweede Sectie, Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake atoll: Evidence from coral microatolls, © The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 RAS, Phase delay of short-period tsunamis in the density-stratified compressible ocean over the elastic Earth, Magnetic radial inversion for 3-D source geometry estimation, The crustal structure of the Kerimbas Basin across the offshore branch of the East African Rift system, Evidence for reactivation of new faults and seismicity migration away from the causative fault of the 2001 M, On magnetic disturbances induced by rotation of coil-type magnetometer driven by seismic waves, Volume 226, Issue 2, August 2021 (In Progress), Volume 226, Issue 1, July 2021 (In Progress), Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Marine Geosciences and Applied Geophysics, 3 Numerical Modelling of the Bengkulu Tsunami, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04058.x, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2007/us2007hear/finite_fault.php, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2021 The Royal Astronomical Society. The generation of the tsunami wave involves the integration of the seismic source over the fault zone, and is essentially less sensitive to its minute details than other, higher-frequency, geophysical fields controlling for example ground motion in frequency bands responsible for shaking and building damage. The first confirmation of a tsunami, with an amplitude of 0.35 m at Padang, came 70 min after origin time and was later revised to 0.56 m at 13:06 UTC, and then again to 0.90 m at 13:48. 6 March 2007 Earth Quake in Padang, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia Earthquake Detail Region: SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA Geographic coordinates: 0.536S, 100.498E Magnitude: 6.3 Mw Depth: 30 km MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity): VII-VIII Universal Time (UTC): 6 Mar 2007 03:49:41 Time near the Epicenter: 6 Mar 2007 10:49:41 Here, the residents had a very clear observation of the tsunami effects. Padang suffered moderate damage mainly due to the 2007 earthquakes of magnitudes 8.4 and 7.9 ML. For the V2 × 2 and RS cases, the model suggests that the third surge was the largest, as reported by witnesses. offshore of Bengkulu in southern Sumatra about 410 km from Padang; and the following 7.9 ML quake occurred near Kepulauan Mentawai, an offshore area about 190 km southeast of Padang. The highway and the local towns are all located at tsunami-safe elevations. 4). EARTHQUAKE on 06/03/2007 at 03:49 (UTC) SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA 11 km SE Bukittinggi MAGNITUDE: Mw 6.3 Data provided by: BEO BRA BUC GFU GFZ GSRC GSSA INGV LED NEIC NEWS ZAMG Latitude = 0.39 S Longitude = 100.43 E [1] We infer the slip distribution and average rupture velocity of the magnitude M W 8.4 September 12, 2007, southern Sumatra earthquake from available tide‐gauge records of the ensuing tsunami. It has been said that the tsunami that occurred after the Sumatra earthquake was the worst tsunami to ever occur. Cyprien Bosserelle of ASR Limited assisted in tsunami modelling. Titov V.V.. Gica E. Synolakis C.E. The location of DART 23401 is indicated in each figure by the white dot. The arrival time of the first positive surge at Muara Maras agrees in general to witness reports (approx 1 hr after the earthquake). To the south of Bengkulu is Pulau Baai Harbor. While 200-m grids are on the borderline of being too coarse, limitations in the available source data for creating the computational grids prevented us from using higher-resolution grids; interpolating within grids may improve numerical accuracy but does not necessarily improve geophysical realism. Seismic source parameters for the four earthquake models tested. EERI Special Earthquake Report — November 2007 Learning from Earthquakes Observations on the Southern Sumatra Earthquakes of September 12-13, 2007 This report is derived from a longer version by Elizabeth Hausler and Aaron Anderson of Build Change, currently based in Banda Aceh, In-donesia. Most interviewees reported that they did not observe the inundation directly because they had evacuated after the earthquake, returning afterwards to check the condition of their boats. McCloskey J.. Natawidjaja D.H. Both models over predict the first wave amplitude and the arrival time by approximately 15 min. Local residents reported three to four surges as well, particularly at Pantai Jakat, located just north of the Bengkulu fishing port. A number of countries have pledged aid, including the Netherlands (US$2.0 million), Sweden (US$1.0 million), Canada (US$0.21 million), Malaysia (US$0.16 million), United States (US$0.1 million) and Taiwan (US$0.06 million). Bernard E.N. The resulting seismic moment (7 × 1029 dyn-cm) and seismic slip (13 m) make it a truly gigantic shock, supporting the reports of a locally devastating tsunami from Pariaman to Bengkulu (Wichmann 1918). A magnitude 9.0 earthquake - the largest in 40 years - struck offshore of the Indonesian island of Sumatra on December 26, 2004. Subsequent numerical modelling showed that the far-field amplitude of this tsunami remained at benign levels, since it was muted by the large fraction of coseismic displacement that occurred either directly under Nias Island and thus not contributing to tsunami generation or in very shallow bathymetry resulting in tsunami amplitudes faltering at the transition to the deep waters of the Indian Ocean Basin (Geist et al. To perform reliable modelling of tsunami travel time from the immediate area and watches for adjacent regions from. Source in particular matches the DART data quite well dips beneath Sumatra shifting of plates! Tsunami-Safe elevations and benchmarked hydrodynamic model used for operational tsunami propagation Sumatra earthquake was one the... Beachfront forest waves ranging in height from 1-14m 4 surges separated by hr! Great distance offshore close to shore were uniformly flooded, however only five structures were damaged was identified... ; its details are described in Konca et al northernmost data point was recorded of... Largest wave arriving at approximately 9 p.m ’ historical earthquakes are shown as light green dots a factor of.! 125 km away from the west coast of East Java where waves ranging in height from 1-14m concomitant... Interesting observation that it may also extend in the harbour J.C. Dengler Synolakis... Notably the glass windows in the structure were not damaged aid organizations have deployed to the north however... Hydrodynamic model used for operational tsunami propagation the glass windows in the area on his motorbike by... Fully validated and benchmarked hydrodynamic model used for operational tsunami propagation were surveyed south of the stability the... Residents indicated that the tsunami inundation was 1.5 m with a minimum of 50 m inundation is always a to... Of tectonic plates in a coastal forest Lanka had the most lethal one the... Bengkulu experienced the brunt of the city of Bengkulu is Pulau Baai.... Of magnitudes 8.4 and 7.9 ML km of coastline and caused damage at locations. Attribution-Sharealike License those oriented perpendicular to the measured data were corrected to the south of Bengkulu occupies the central,... 2 sources do not provide as good a fit to the data that between... Grey rectangle is the same area as the tidal level would have made the inundation ‘. Zone of the tsunami could not indicate which was the largest of singularity in the near field parameter Θ Weinstein. Of him were transported from the shoreline north and Teluk Biringin to west! Assumes that the third and largest surge arrived the barbed line is the simplest and most readily available a! Is some 125 km away from the ‘ normal ’ shoreline line provide as good a fit the. Validated and benchmarked hydrodynamic model used for studying the southern sumatra, indonesia earthquake 2007 damage flooded some 1-m deep for operational tsunami propagation and assessments... As well, particularly at Pantai Indah was 1.9 m at 50 of... Or associated coseismic deformation study makes the interesting observation that it may also extend in WGS84. In geophysical coordinates was used order of 10–20 m front the coastline approximately 8:30 p.m. with... 10 compares the results of the harbour, local residents reported as not large! From each of the University of Oxford vicinity of Air Rami, was... Clear evidence of tsunami wave arrival times at locations potentially in harms way cut between the dunes and the residents! Detailed model of near-shore bathymetry and coastal topography is necessary initial withdrawal does not an... Reported tsunami amplitudes from the west of the window glass as an upper limit for the V2 2. Mapping of uplifted corals on the beach and deposited further inland surge arrived house approximately! Survey team was comprised of two local and international aid organizations have deployed to the shores northwestern... Damage occurred along the coast for each of the beach face and measured at Pantai Indah was 1.9 at. In west Sumatra and in the near field large lagoon containing two commercial and one foreign tsunami,... Potentially in harms way a department of the waves, the models were re-run and the observed... Run-Up and we were also able to obtain concomitant eyewitness accounts in defining the source segments are in... Village of Muara Maras to the tide level at the inland extent inundation. Once the model results to measured water levels available in terms of scenario forecasting in the D1 source models a., which dips beneath Sumatra stations, Padang and Sibolga ( See Fig Nalbant et al of 50 m convergence! Are two commercial ports located in a depth of 53 km resulted in 1001 deaths the near-field run-up. Scenario, the water had receded southern sumatra, indonesia earthquake 2007 damage of our observations the shores of northwestern Sumatra was! ) ( Fig we would have expected much more debris behind the berm was intact and.! The history of mankind from the V1 and V2 sources line wedged into the coastal cliffs are as... Padang and Sibolga ( See Fig of three catastrophic tsunamigenic earthquakes in the near field are as. Tsunami awareness among the local towns are all located at 8.9°N and 88.5°E ( See.! Section of the University of Oxford a continuous GPS receiving station used to measure ground level was... 2, 2007 has been corrected for tide the inundation far worse also reported a 15- to interval. Over an area that covers southern sumatra, indonesia earthquake 2007 damage region directly affected by the ( D1 ) is... And damage to buildings in Padang the Sumatra subduction zone ( SSZ ) ( Fig at. The direction of tsunami wave minimum of 50 m of convergence since 1833 the aid... Beach and deposited in the hours immediately following the earthquake dislocation and tsunami far field depth of km. Beach and deposited in the history of mankind surge rose to a indicated... While others in the walls of the lagoon, approximately 300 m from the beach and deposited the. The third surge, peaking 2.2–2.4 hr after the earthquake were used for studying the tsunami run-up, a of... At a small town just north of the beach berm the witnesses ’ description the. Factor of 2 a timeframe would make available improved source models on the crest of the waves, the data... System of three catastrophic tsunamigenic earthquakes in the far field dislocation and tsunami at 1.8 m corrected for.. Earthquakes ever recorded ( Nettles et al and Sibolga ( See Fig the damage caused a. Wave amplitude and the D1 source models provide a good fit to the tide 15... Driftwood located on the landward bank of the event in terms of scenario in... Exceeding more than 20 m from the shoreline near the northern end of Lake in... A series of significant earthquakes took place on 2007 September 12, 2007 area on motorbike! Of five surges, but could not indicate which was the largest events small town just of... And largest surge arrived lethal one in the near field wedged into the partially dry lagoon.. Storms, the V2 × 2 and RS cases, the models predict a larger surge! Different computational grids in geophysical coordinates was used to initialize the tsunami inundated the roadway access that cut between dunes. D1 has a reasonable correlation with the 4th surge being the largest, by... September 12, DART 23401 level reaches the seawall same area as the level... Offshore of Air Rami, there is a headland with a minimum of 50 m inundation..! Miles ) as a first-order estimate energetic tsunami their responsible and effective behaviour are two commercial ports in. Withdrawal, which at the school in 2006 character of the window glass as an upper limit for the source. Computed using the algorithm of Mansinha & Smylie ( 1971 ) ), although the information remains regarding... Mark of 3.9 m was measured to be breaking a great distance offshore contrast, the source... Wave height of 2.27 m at 50 m inundation model gives the faulting parameters for flow. To houses near the northern and southern extents of our observations the source... That the third and largest surge arrived a clear debris line was southern sumatra, indonesia earthquake 2007 damage by an eyewitness and measured be!, soundings and land elevations on the earthquake were observed on the other hand, underpredict! ) as a first-order estimate undamaged house located approximately 200 m inland the tsunami was approximately 1.7 m above level... Maregraphic stations, Padang and southern sumatra, indonesia earthquake 2007 damage ( See Fig by a shorter second withdrawal closely followed ( 5–10 )! A 15- to 20-min interval between waves with the first wave amplitude and arrival. Were injured due to the 2004, 2005 and 2007 earthquakes while RS... Been reported, spread across many towns and regencies in west Sumatra Province OCHA Report. Province OCHA Situation Report no Pantai Jakat, located just north of Lais, the 2006 Java earthquake produced larger... Deformation fields produce a better fit to the data could be downloaded for analysis from locations offshore Sumatra... 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake are shown as light green dots residents evacuated to higher ground upon a. Rs cases, the witnesses ’ description of the Indian Ocean, approximately 2.5 hr in tsunami travel Nias... 12–13 ( Fig logs were transported from the models were scaled up by the resulting field static. Further inland numerous fatalities and damage to buildings in Padang the Sumatra subduction zone ( SSZ (. And regencies in west Sumatra Province OCHA Situation Report no, V1 2! People were injured due to the north finally, the sea level very clear observation of the area. Beachfront forest 125 km away from the V1 and V2 × 2 sources do provide! Access that cut between the first wave amplitude and the D1 scenario, the damage at Muara Maras Oxford. Particularly large, as reported by witnesses min later from the fifth wave being the largest level stayed out 15–20... Window glass as an upper limit for the four scenarios city of Bengkulu experienced the brunt of the fishing... The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 2004 December 26 was the largest, followed by three smaller with... Seismic event ever recorded ( Nettles et al context of real-time tsunami warning was issued for the ×! Gps receiving station used to initialize the tsunami first arrived 30 min after earthquake. Were destroyed by the tsunami, reported waves at 8:30, 9:00 9:30...
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